Longman Handbook : Modern Language Association(Update),9780321049667

Longman Handbook : Modern Language Association(Update)

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ISBN13: 9780321049667
ISBN10: 0321049667
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 1999-01-01
Publisher(s): Addison-Wesley
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Table of Contents

Preface for Students and Instructors xi
A Guide to Using The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers xxiii
Part 1: WRITING AND READING 1(76)
On Being a Writer and Reader
2(8)
How Good Writers Clear a Path to Success
3(2)
Reading as a Writer, Writing as a Reader
5(5)
Strategies for Active Writing
10(10)
How to Think About a Journal
10(2)
How to Keep a Journal
12(2)
How to Use a Journal to Think and Learn
14(3)
How to Write in a Journal
17(3)
Strategies for Active Reading
20(8)
How to Become an Active Reader
20(5)
How to Discuss Readings in a Dialogue Journal
25(3)
Planning
28(16)
Generating Ideas
28(7)
Using Techniques for Finding Patterns
35(8)
Planning: Paper in Progress
43(1)
Defining Your Purpose
44(12)
Analyzing the Purpose of Your Assignment
44(5)
Using Rhetorical Purposes to Guide Decisions
49(2)
Defining a Thesis
51(4)
A Word About Discovery
55(1)
Considering Your Readers
56(12)
Defining Your Reader
56(4)
Characterizing Your Readers
60(2)
Adapting Your Content, Structure, and Style
62(2)
Addressing Academic Readers
64(3)
Forgetting About Readers
67(1)
Drafting
68(9)
Moving from Planning to Drafting
68(4)
Using Strategies for Drafting
72(4)
Drafting: Paper in Progress
76(1)
Part 2: REVISING AND SHAPING YOUR WRITING 77(78)
Revising
78(16)
Making Major Revisions
79(5)
Making Minor Revisions
84(4)
Using Feedback Constructively
88(2)
Revising: Paper in Progress
90(4)
Effective Paragraphs: Focusing and Linking Ideas
94(18)
Focusing Paragraphs
95(7)
Making Paragraphs Coherent
102(6)
Linking Paragraphs
108(4)
Effective Paragraphs: Developing Ideas
112(19)
Developing Paragraphs
112(6)
Using Patterns of Development
118(7)
Using Special-Purpose Paragraphs
125(6)
Creating Clear Sentences
131(13)
Making Subjects and Verbs Clear
131(8)
Using Expletive Constructions Sparingly
139(2)
Using Passive Voice with Care
141(3)
Creating Emphatic and Varied Sentences
144(11)
Creating Emphasis
145(5)
Creating Variety
150(3)
Creating Surprise
153(2)
Part 3: EDITING AND PROOFREADING 155(410)
The Editing and Proofreading Process
156(16)
Editing Your Own Writing
157(6)
Collaborative Editing
163(1)
Shortcut Editing
164(1)
Proofreading
165(2)
Editing and Proofreading: Paper in Progress
167(5)
Editing for Grammar
171(1)
Identifying Sentence Elements and Sentence Patterns
172(40)
Using Words
172(20)
ESL Advice: The Articles A, An, and The
174(10)
ESL Advice: Adjective Forms
184(3)
ESL Advice: Prepositions
187(5)
Creating Sentence Parts: Subjects and Predicates
192(4)
Creating Phrases and Subordinate Clauses
196(14)
ESL Advice: Gerunds and Infinitives
200(5)
ESL Advice: Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses
205(5)
Creating Different Sentence Types
210(2)
Case of Nouns and Pronouns
212(14)
Choosing Pronoun Case
213(5)
Solving Common Problems with Pronoun Case
218(6)
Using Who and Whom
224(2)
Verbs
226(28)
Using Simple Present and Past Tense Correctly
226(5)
ESL Advice: The Third Person-s or-es Ending
227(3)
ESL Advice: Simple Present and Simple Past
230(1)
Using Complex Tenses, Helping Verbs, and Mood
231(16)
ESL Advice: Verb Forms
234(1)
ESL Advice: Helping Verbs
235(3)
ESL Advice: Simple Present and Present Progressive Tenses
238(6)
ESL Advice: Conditionals
244(3)
Keeping Tense Sequence Clear
247(2)
Using Active and Passive Voice
249(2)
ESL Advice: The Passive Voice
250(1)
Editing Troublesome Verbs (lie, lay, sit, set)
251(3)
Agreement (Subject and Verb, Pronoun and Antecedent)
254(23)
Creating Subject-Verb Agreement
255(4)
ESL Advice: Subject-Verb Agreement
257(2)
Editing for Subject-Verb Agreement: Troublesome Constructions
259(13)
ESL Advice: Quantifiers
261(2)
ESL Advice: Paired Conjunctions
263(4)
ESL Advice: Separated Subjects and Verbs
267(2)
ESL Advice: Other, Others, and Another as Pronouns or Adjectives
269(3)
Editing for Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
272(5)
ESL Advice: Demonstrative Adjectives
275(2)
Adjectives and Adverbs
277(13)
Recognizing What Adjectives and Adverbs Do
277(2)
ESL Advice: Adjectives in a Series
278(1)
Avoiding Confusion Between Adjectives and Adverbs
279(4)
Using Comparatives and Superlatives
283(2)
Avoiding Double Negatives
285(1)
Using Noun Modifiers
286(4)
Editing for Sentence Problems
289(1)
Sentence Fragments
290(13)
Recognizing Sentence Fragments
291(5)
Editing Sentence Fragments
296(2)
Editing Troublesome Constructions
298(3)
Using Partial Sentences
301(2)
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
303(13)
Recognizing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
304(5)
Editing Comma Splices and Fused Sentences
309(7)
Pronoun Reference
316(14)
Making Pronoun Reference Clear
316(6)
Making Reference Specific
322(6)
Matching Who, Which, and That to Antecedents
328(2)
Misplaced, Dangling, and Disruptive Modifiers
330(13)
Recognizing and Editing Misplaced Modifiers
331(5)
Recognizing and Editing Dangling Modifiers
336(3)
Recognizing and Editing Disruptive Modifiers
339(3)
Using Absolute Phrases Effectively
342(1)
Shifts
343(11)
Keeping Person and Number Consistent
343(3)
Keeping Tense and Mood Consistent
346(3)
Keeping Voice Consistent
349(2)
Avoiding Shifts Between Direct and Indirect Quotation
351(3)
Mixed and Incomplete Sentences
354(13)
Editing Mixed Sentences
355(7)
Editing Incomplete Sentences
362(5)
Parallelism
367(13)
Building Parallelism
368(1)
Editing for Parallelism Within the Sentence
369(6)
Editing for Parallelism Beyond the Sentence
375(3)
Maintaining Parallelism in Lists
378(2)
Coordination and Subordination
380(20)
Using Coordination
381(5)
Using Subordination
386(14)
ESL Advice: Grammatical Structures for Coordination and Subordination
395(4)
Editing for Word Choice
399(1)
Choosing Appropriate Words
400(12)
Thinking About Word Choice
400(4)
Using Precise Diction
404(4)
Using Strategies for Editing Diction
408(4)
Using Dictionaries and Building Vocabulary
412(10)
Choosing Dictionaries to Serve Your Needs
412(3)
Using a Dictionary
415(2)
Using Dictionaries in the Age of Technology
417(1)
Building Vocabulary
418(4)
Wordiness
422(12)
Editing for Common Types of Wordiness
423(8)
Editing for Cliches, Generalizations, and Overblown Language
431(3)
Avoiding Sexist and Discriminatory Language
434(10)
Recognizing and Editing Sexist Language
434(5)
Avoiding Discriminatory Language
439(5)
Editing for Punctuation
443(1)
Commas
444(23)
Using Commas to Help Join Sentences
444(2)
Using Commas to Set Off Introductory Phrases
446(5)
Using Commas to Set Off Nonrestrictive Modifiers
451(4)
Using Commas to Set Off Parenthetical Expressions
455(1)
Using Commas in a Series
456(1)
Separating Coordinate Adjectives with a Comma
457(2)
Using Commas with Dates, Numbers, Addresses, Place Names, People's Titles, and Letters
459(3)
Using Commas with Quotations
462(1)
Using Commas to Make Your Meaning Clear
463(1)
Avoiding Commas That Do Not Belong
464(3)
Semicolons and Colons
467(10)
Using Semicolons
467(5)
Using Colons
472(5)
Apostrophes
477(8)
Using Apostrophes to Mark Possession
477(4)
Using Apostrophes to Mark Contractions and Omissions
481(4)
Quotation Marks
485(9)
Marking Quotations
485(2)
Using Block Quotations
487(2)
Writing Dialogue
489(1)
Labeling Titles of Short Works
490(1)
Indicating Special Meanings of Words and Phrases
491(1)
Indicating Irony, Sarcasm, and Authorial Distance
492(2)
Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points
494(7)
Using Periods
494(2)
Using Question Marks
496(2)
Using Exclamation Points
498(3)
Special Punctuation Marks
501(11)
Using Parentheses
501(2)
Using Brackets
503(1)
Using Dashes
504(3)
Using Ellipses
507(2)
Using Slashes
509(3)
Proofreading for Mechanics and Spelling
511(1)
Capitalization
512(11)
Using a Capital at the Beginning of a Sentence
512(4)
Using Capitals for Proper Nouns and Adjectives
516(7)
Italics (Underlining)
523(7)
Following Conventions for Underlining (Using Italics)
524(4)
Underlining for Emphasis
528(2)
Hyphens and Word Division
530(9)
Using Hyphens to Divide Words
530(4)
Using Hyphens to Join Words
534(5)
Numbers
539(5)
Spelling Out Numbers or Using Numerals
539(1)
Following Special Conventions
540(2)
Avoiding Too Many Numbers
542(2)
Abbreviations
544(8)
Using Familiar Abbreviations
545(3)
Using Abbreviations Sparingly
548(4)
Strategies for Spelling
552(13)
Spelling As You Write
552(1)
Recognizing and Correcting Spelling Errors
553(8)
Using Long-term Strategies to Improve Your Spelling
561(2)
Spelling and the Computer
563(2)
Part 4: WRITING STRATEGIES 565
What Is Research?
566(12)
Understanding Your Assignment and Audience
567(3)
Choosing an Appropriate Topic
570(1)
Developing Guiding Questions: Research in Progress
571(1)
Planning Your Time and Effort
572(2)
Preparing a Research Plan: Research in Progress
574(1)
Understanding Your Role as a Researcher
574(1)
Developing a Role as a Researcher: Research in Progress
575(1)
Defining a Goal for Your Writing
576(2)
Locating Sources and Reading Critically
578(48)
Designing a Search Strategy
578(4)
Locating Library Resources
582(18)
Using Indexes and Catalogs: Research in Progress
600(4)
Maintaining a Working Bibliography
604(4)
Reading Sources Critically and Taking Notes
608(4)
Paraphrasing and Summarizing: Research in Progress
612(6)
Investigating Field Resources
618(4)
Conducting Field Research: Research in Progress
622(4)
Turning Research Into Writing
626(19)
Using Critical Reading to Synthesize, Interpret, and Evaluate
626(3)
Doing Critical Reading and Thinking: Research in Progress
629(2)
Drafting Your Research Paper
631(10)
Avoiding Plagiarism
641(2)
Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
643(2)
Documenting Sources: MLA
645(51)
Understanding What to Document, What Not to Document
646(1)
Using In-Text Citations
647(2)
Citing Different Kinds of References
649(3)
Creating MLA In-Text Citations
652(4)
Creating an MLA List of Works Cited
656(23)
Sample MLA Paper: ``Waste Disposal: Have We Put Ourselves in Jeopardy?''
679(14)
Shane Hand
Using ACW Guidelines for Citing Electronic Sources
693(3)
Documenting Sources: APA
696(35)
Using In-Text Citations
696(1)
Using Content Footnotes
697(1)
Creating APA In-Text Citations
698(4)
Creating an APA Reference List
702(15)
Sample APA Paper: ``Competitive Cyclists: Who Are They?''
717(14)
Steven King
Documenting Sources: CBE
731(10)
Creating CBE In-Text Citations
731(2)
Creating a CBE Reference List
733(8)
Documenting Sources: CMS
741(16)
Using Endnotes and Footnotes
741(2)
Creating CMS Notes
743(8)
Creating a CMS Bibliography
751(6)
Writing Argumentative Papers Across the Disciplines
757(47)
Developing Argumentative Writing
758(11)
Developing a Point: Argument in Progress
769(11)
Using Critical Thinking to Strengthen Your Argument
780(9)
The Position Paper
789(4)
The Critique
793(3)
The Review
796(5)
The Point-Driven Essay Exam
801(3)
Reading and Writing About Literature
804(23)
Reading Literary Texts
805(4)
Writing About Literary Texts
809(3)
The Text Analysis
812(15)
Writing Informative Papers Across the Disciplines
827(23)
Developing and Presenting Informative Writing
827(7)
Developing an Interview Paper: Informative Writing in Progress
834(6)
The Short Informative Documented Paper
840(2)
The Literature Review
842(2)
The Lab Report
844(2)
The Abstract
846(1)
The Annotated Bibliography
846(2)
The Informative Essay Exam
848(2)
Developing Business Writing
850
Using General Strategies for Successful Business Writing
850(2)
Writing Business Letters
852(1)
Writing Agendas
853(1)
Writing Meeting Minutes
854(2)
Writing Memos
856(1)
Writing Resumes
857(3)
Writing Letters of Application
860
Glossary of Usage and Terms G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1

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