Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging with MATLAB Algorithms
by Ozdemir, CanerEdition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2012-03-13
Publisher(s): Wiley-Interscience
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Summary
This book#xA0;provides a full representation of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) imagery, which is a popular and#xA0; important radar signal processing tool. The book covers all possible aspects of ISAR imaging.#xA0;The book offers a#xA0;fair amount of signal processing techniques and radar basics before introducing the#xA0;inverse problem of ISAR and #xA0;the forward problem of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Important concepts of SAR such as resolution, pulse compression and image formation are given together with associated MATLAB codes. After providing the fundamentals for ISAR imaging, the book gives the detailed imaging procedures for ISAR imaging with associated MATLAB functions and codes. To enhance the image quality in ISAR imaging, several imaging tricks and fine-tuning procedures such as zero-padding and windowing are also presented.#xA0;Finally, various real applications of ISAR imagery, like imaging the antenna-platform scattering, are given in a separate chapter. For all these algorithms, MATLAB codes and#xA0;figures are included. The final chapter considers advanced concepts and trends in ISAR imaging.#xA0;
Author Biography
Caner zdemir, PhD, is Professor of the Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering at Mersin University and Dean of Faculty of Engineering at Zirve University. Professor zdemir has performed extensive research in synthetic aperture radar imaging and has developed many novel methods used in inverse synthetic aperture radar imaging.
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. xiii |
| Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
| Basics of Fourier Analysis | p. 1 |
| Forward and Inverse Fourier Transform | p. 1 |
| Brief History of FT | p. 1 |
| Forward FT Operation | p. 2 |
| IFT | p. 2 |
| FT Rules and Pairs | p. 3 |
| Linearity | p. 3 |
| Time Shifting | p. 3 |
| Frequency Shifting | p. 4 |
| Scaling | p. 4 |
| Duality | p. 4 |
| Time Reversal | p. 4 |
| Conjugation | p. 4 |
| Multiplication | p. 4 |
| Convolution | p. 5 |
| Modulation | p. 5 |
| Derivation and Integration | p. 5 |
| Parseval's Relationship | p. 5 |
| Time-Frequency Representation of a Signal | p. 5 |
| Signal in the Time Domain | p. 6 |
| Signal in the Frequency Domain | p. 6 |
| Signal in the (JTF) Plane | p. 7 |
| Convolution and Multiplication Using FT | p. 11 |
| Filtering/Windowing | p. 11 |
| Data Sampling | p. 14 |
| DFT and FFT | p. 14 |
| DFT | p. 14 |
| FFT | p. 16 |
| Bandwidth and Resolutions | p. 18 |
| Aliasing | p. 19 |
| Importance of FT in Radar Imaging | p. 19 |
| Effect of Aliasing in Radar Imaging | p. 22 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 26 |
| References | p. 31 |
| Radar Fundamentals | p. 33 |
| Electromagnetic (EM) Scattering | p. 36 |
| Scattering from PECs | p. 37 |
| Radar Cross Section (RCS) | p. 38 |
| Definition of RCS | p. 41 |
| RCS of Simple Shaped Objects | p. 42 |
| RCS of Complex Shaped Objects | p. 42 |
| Radar Range Equation | p. 43 |
| Bistatic Case | p. 48 |
| Monostatic Case | p. 48 |
| Range of Radar Detection | p. 50 |
| Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) | p. 51 |
| Radar Waveforms | p. 51 |
| CW | p. 54 |
| FMCW | p. 57 |
| SFCW | p. 60 |
| Short Pulse | p. 60 |
| Chirp (LFM) Pulse | p. 62 |
| Pulsed Radar | p. 65 |
| PRF | p. 65 |
| Maximum Range and Range Ambiguity | p. 67 |
| Doppler Frequency | p. 68 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 72 |
| References | p. 77 |
| Synthetic Aperture Radar | p. 79 |
| SAR Modes | p. 80 |
| SAR System Design | p. 80 |
| Resolutions in SAR | p. 83 |
| SAR Image Formation: Range and Azimuth Compression | p. 85 |
| Range Compression | p. 86 |
| Matched Filter | p. 86 |
| Ambiguity Function | p. 90 |
| Pulse Compression | p. 96 |
| Detailed Processing of Pulse Compression | p. 97 |
| Bandwidth, Resolution, and Compression Issues | p. 100 |
| Pulse Compression Example | p. 101 |
| Azimuth Compression | p. 102 |
| Processing in Azimuth | p. 102 |
| Azimuth Resolution | p. 106 |
| Relation to ISAR | p. 107 |
| SAR Imaging | p. 108 |
| Example of SAR Imagery | p. 108 |
| Problems in SAR Imaging | p. 110 |
| Range Migration | p. 110 |
| Motion Errors | p. 111 |
| Speckle Noise | p. 112 |
| Advanced Topics in SAR | p. 112 |
| SAR Interferometry | p. 112 |
| SAR Polarimetry | p. 113 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 114 |
| References | p. 120 |
| Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging and Its Basic Concepts | p. 121 |
| SAR versus ISAR | p. 121 |
| The Relation of Scattered Field to the Image Function in ISAR | p. 125 |
| One-Dimensional (ID) Range Profile | p. 126 |
| 1D Cross-Range Profile | p. 131 |
| 2D ISAR Image Formation (Small Bandwidth, Small Angle) | p. 133 |
| Range and Cross-Range Resolutions | p. 139 |
| Range and Cross-Range Extends | p. 140 |
| Imaging Multi-Bounces in ISAR | p. 140 |
| Sample Design Procedure for ISAR | p. 144 |
| 2D ISAR Image Formation (Wide Bandwidth, Large Angles) | p. I52 |
| Direct Integration | p. I54 |
| Polar Reformatting | p. I58 |
| 3D ISAR Image Formation | p. 159 |
| Range and Cross-Range Resolutions | p. 165 |
| A Design Example | p. 165 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 169 |
| References | p. 185 |
| Imaging Issues in Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar | p. 187 |
| Fourier-Related Issues | p. 187 |
| DFT Revisited | p. 188 |
| Positive and Negative Frequencies in DFT | p. 191 |
| Image Aliasing | p. I94 |
| Polar Reformatting Revisited | p. 196 |
| Nearest Neighbor Interpolation | p. 196 |
| Bilinear Interpolation | p. 198 |
| Zero Padding | p. 200 |
| Point Spread Function (PSF) | p. 202 |
| Windowing | p. 205 |
| Common Windowing Functions | p. 205 |
| ISAR Image Smoothing via Windowing | p. 212 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 213 |
| References | p. 229 |
| Range-Doppler Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing | p. 231 |
| Scenarios for ISAR | p. 232 |
| Imaging Aerial Targets via Ground-Based Radar | p. 232 |
| Imaging Ground/Sea Targets via Aerial Radar | p. 234 |
| ISAR Waveforms for Range-Doppler Processing | p. 237 |
| Chirp Pulse Train | p. 238 |
| Stepped Frequency Pulse Train | p. 239 |
| Doppler Shift's Relation to Cross Range | p. 241 |
| Doppler Frequency Shift Resolution | p. 242 |
| Resolving Doppler Shift and Cross Range | p. 243 |
| Forming the Range-Doppler Image | p. 244 |
| ISAR Receiver | p. 245 |
| ISAR Receiver for Chirp Pulse Radar | p. 245 |
| ISAR Receiver for SFCW Radar | p. 246 |
| Quadradure Detection | p. 247 |
| I-Channel Processing | p. 248 |
| Q-Channel Processing | p. 249 |
| Range Alignment | p. 250 |
| Defining the Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging Parameters | p. 252 |
| Image Frame Dimension (Image Extends) | p. 252 |
| Range-Cross-Range Resolution | p. 253 |
| Frequency Bandwidth and the Center Frequency | p. 253 |
| Doppler Frequency Bandwidth | p. 254 |
| PRF | p. 254 |
| Coherent Integration (Dwell) Time | p. 255 |
| Pulse Width | p. 256 |
| Example of Chirp Pulse-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging | p. 256 |
| Example of SFCW-Based Range-Doppler ISAR Imaging | p. 262 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 264 |
| References | p. 270 |
| Scattering Center Representation of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar | p. 271 |
| Scattering/Radiation Center Model | p. 272 |
| Extraction of Scattering Centers | p. 274 |
| Image Domain Formulation | p. 274 |
| Fourier Domain Formulationv | p. 283 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 287 |
| References | p. 297 |
| Motion Compensation for Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar | p. 299 |
| Doppler Effect Due to Target Motion | p. 300 |
| Standard MOCOMP Procedures | p. 302 |
| Translational MOCOMP | p. 303 |
| Rotational MOCOMP | p. 304 |
| Popular MOCOMP Techniques in ISAR | p. 306 |
| Cross-Correlation Method | p. 306 |
| Minimum Entropy Method | p. 311 |
| JTF-Based MOCOMP | p. 316 |
| Algorithm for JTF-Based Translational and Rotational MOCOMP | p. 321 |
| Matlab Codes | p. 328 |
| References | p. 342 |
| Some Imaging Applications Based on Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar | p. 345 |
| Imaging Antenna-Platform Scattering: ASAR | p. 346 |
| The ASAR Imaging Algorithm | p. 347 |
| Numerical Example for ASAR Imagery | p. 352 |
| Imaging Platform Coupling between Antennas: ACSAR | p. 353 |
| The ACSAR Imaging Algorithm | p. 356 |
| Numerical Example for ACSAR | p. 358 |
| Imaging Scattering from Subsurface Objects: GPR-SAR | p. 359 |
| The GPR Problem | p. 362 |
| Focused GPR Images Using SAR | p. 364 |
| Applying ACSAR Concept to the GPR Problem | p. 369 |
| References | p. 372 |
| Appendix | p. 375 |
| Index | p. 379 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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