Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
Introduction: The Five-Step Program
Step 1 Set Up Your Study Program
1 What You Need to Know About the AP European History Exam
Background Information
Frequently Asked Questions About the AP European History Exam
2 Determine Your Test Readiness
Three Approaches to Preparing for AP Exams
Detailed Calendar for Each Plan
Setting Up a Study Group
Step 2 Understand the Skills That Will Be Tested
3 The Ways Historians Think
Introduction
Reasoning Chronologically
Putting Information in Context
Arguing from Evidence
Developing Your Historical Thinking Skills
Rapid Review
4 Take a Diagnostic Exam
AP European History Diagnostic Exam Answer Sheet
Section I, Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions
Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions
Section II, Part A: Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Section II, Part B: Long-Essay Question
Diagnostic Exam Answers and Explanations
Step 3 Develop Strategies for Success
5 The Multiple-Choice Questions
Introduction
Passive Knowledge and the Process of Elimination
Putting Your Historical Thinking Skills to Use
About Guessing
Further Practice with Multiple-Choice Questions
6 The Short-Answer Questions
Introduction
Putting Your Knowledge and Historical Thinking Skills to Use
Further Practice with Short-Answer Questions
7 The Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Introduction
The High-Quality History Essay
Five Steps for Creating an Outline for Your Essay
Characteristics of the Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Applying the Principles of the High-Quality History Essay to the Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Scoring the Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Further Practice for the Document-Based Question (DBQ)
8 The Long-Essay Question
Introduction
Choosing Your Topic
Applying the Five Steps to a High-Quality History Essay
Scoring of the Essays
Further Practice for the Long-Essay Question
Step 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
9 Major Themes of Modern European History
Introduction
Interaction of Europe and the World
Changes in Wealth and Who Had It
Changes in Knowledge Systems and World View
Changes in Society and Its Institutions
The Individual and Society
National and European Identity
The Organization of the AP Course into Units
10 From the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
11 The Challenge of the Renaissance
Introduction
Italian Society of the Renaissance
Renaissance Values
Artistic Achievement of the Renaissance
The Renaissance and Scientific Advancements
The Spread of the Renaissance
Review Questions
Rapid Review
12 The Reformation and the Fracturing of Christianity
Introduction
The Need for a Religious Reformation
The Lutheran Revolt
Creation and Spread of the Protestant Movement
The English Reformation
Calvin and Calvinism
Social Dimensions and the Radical Reformation
The Catholic Response
Review Questions
Rapid Review
13 The Great Voyages of Exploration and Early Colonization
Introduction
Exploration and Expansion
The Spanish Empire in the New World
England, France, and the Triangular Trade Networks
Review Questions
Rapid Review
14 Economic Change and Political Consolidation
Introduction
Economic Stress and Change
Thirty Years’ War
Britain: The Rise of Parliament
France: The Construction of a State
Central and Eastern Europe: Compromise
Review Questions
Rapid Review
15 Economic Change and the Expansion of the State
Introduction
Great Britain: The Triumph of Constitutionalism
France: The Triumph of Absolutism
Russia: Tsarist Absolutism
Breaking the Traditional Cycle of Population and Productivity
Market-Oriented Agriculture
Rural Manufacturing
Technical Innovations in Agriculture and Manufacturing
Eastern Ambition
War and Diplomacy
Review Questions
Rapid Review
16 The Rise of Natural Philosophy, Scientific Revolution, and the Enlightenment
Introduction
The Traditional View of the Cosmos
Alternative Traditions of Knowledge Before the Scientific Revolution
Development of New Institutions
The Rise of Copernicanism
Kepler’s Laws
Galileo and the Value of Empirical Knowledge
Advances in Anatomy, Physiology, and Medicine
Contributions of Women During the Scientific Revolution
Cartesian Skepticism and Deductive Reasoning
The Enlightenment
The Triumph of Newtonian Science
New Ideas About Natural Law, Human Nature, and Society
New Political Ideas
The Philosophes and Enlightened Despotism
Salons and Lodges
Skepticism, Religion, and Social Criticism
The Arts in the Enlightenment
The Radical Enlightenment
The Other Enlightenment
Review Questions
Rapid Review
17 The French Revolution and Empire
Introduction
The Ancien Régime in Crisis
The Moderate Phase of the French Revolution (1789–1791)
The Radical Phase of the French Revolution (1791–1794)
The Final Phase of the French Revolution: Thermidor and the Rise of Napoleon (1794–1799)
Post-Revolutionary France and the Napoleonic Code
Napoleon’s Empire
The Decline and Fall of Napoleon and His Empire
Restoration
Review Questions
Rapid Review
18 The Industrial Revolution
Introduction
The Industrial Revolution Begins in Great Britain
The Factory System and the Division of Labor
Iron and Steel
New Sources of Power
The Railway Boom
The Reciprocal Nature of Heavy Industry
The Spread of Industrialization
Social Effects of Industrialization
Second Industrial Revolution
Science in an Industrial Age
Review Questions
Rapid Review
19 Cultural Responses to Revolution and Industrialization
Introduction
Political Ideologies in the Nineteenth Century
Cultural Ideologies in the Nineteenth Century
Review Questions
Rapid Review
20 Mass Politics and Nationalism
Introduction
Nationalism and State-Building
The Triumph of Conservative Nationalism
The Unification of Italy
The Unification of Germany
Mass Politics and Nationalism in the Habsburg Empire
Mass Politics and Nationalism in France
Mass Politics and Nationalism in Russia
Mass Politics and Nationalism in Great Britain
Review Questions
Rapid Review
21 Mass Politics and Imperialism
Introduction
Causes of the New Imperialism
The Scramble for Africa
Dominance in Asia
Review Questions
Rapid Review
22 Politics of the Extreme and World War I
Introduction
Labor Unions Begin in Britain, Then Spread to Other Countries
Socialist Parties in Britain, France, and Germany
Women’s Suffrage Movements and Feminism
Anarchist Activity
Ultranationalism and Anti-Semitism
Zionism
The Causes of World War I
The Beginning of the War: 1914–1915
Total War
1916: “The Year of Bloodletting”
Russian Revolution and Withdrawal
Germany’s Disintegration and the Peace Settlement
Review Questions
Rapid Review
23 The Interwar Years and World War II
Introduction
Problems and Challenges After World War I
The Weimar Republic in Germany
The Soviet Union in Economic Ruins
The Great Depression
The Rise of Fascism
World War II
Assessment and Aftermath of World War II
Review Questions
Rapid Review
24 The Cold War, Integration, and Globalization
Introduction
The Development of Nuclear Weapons
The Settlement Following World War II
The Cold War
The European Union
The Disintegration of the Iron Curtain and the Soviet Union
The Rise of Nationalism in Eastern Europe
Social, Economic, and Political Changes in Post–Cold War Europe
Challenges to the Welfare State
Review Questions
Rapid Review
25 Science and Culture
Step 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
AP European History Practice Exam 1 Answer Sheet
Section I, Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions
Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions
Section II, Part A: Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Section II, Part B: Long-Essay Question
AP European History Practice Exam 1 Answers and Explanations
AP European History Practice Exam 2 Answer Sheet
Section I, Part A: Multiple-Choice Questions
Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions
Section II, Part A: The Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Section II, Part B: The Long-Essay Question
AP European History Practice Exam 2 Answers and Explanations
Resource Guide
Using Literary Works in European History
General Websites
General Background
Resources by Historical Period