Additives in Polymers Industrial Analysis and Applications

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Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2005-03-11
Publisher(s): WILEY
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Summary

This industrially relevant resource covers all established and emerging analytical methods for the deformulation of polymeric materials, with emphasis on the non-polymeric components. Each technique is evaluated on its technical and industrial merits. Emphasis is on understanding (principles and characteristics) and industrial applicability. Extensively illustrated throughout with over 200 figures, 400 tables, and 3,000 references.

Author Biography

Jan C.J. Bart (PhD Structural Chemistry, University of Amsterdam) is a senior scientist with broad interest in materials characterisation, heterogeneous catalysis and product development who spent an industrial carrier in R&D with Monsanto, Montedison and DSM Research in various countries. The author has held several teaching assignments and researched extensively in both academic and industrial areas; he authored over 250 scientific papers, including chapters in books. Dr Bart has acted as a Ramsay Memorial Fellow at the Universities of Leeds (Colour Chemistry) and Oxford (Material Science), a visiting scientist at Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse (CNRS, Villeurbanne), and a Meyerhoff Visiting Professor at WIS (Rehovoth), and held an Invited Professorship at USTC (Hefei). He is currently a Full Professor of Industrial Chemistry at the University of Messina.
He is also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Royal Dutch Chemical Society, Society of Plastic Engineers and The Institute of Materials.

Table of Contents

Foreword ix
Preface xi
About the Author xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction
1(28)
Additives
2(3)
Additive functionality
3(2)
Plastics formulations
5(4)
Supply forms
7(2)
Additive delivery
9(1)
Economic impact of polymer additives
9(2)
Analysis of plastics
11(12)
Regulations and standardisation
15(2)
Prior art
17(2)
Databases
19(1)
Scope
20(2)
Chapter overview
22(1)
Bibliography
23(1)
Plastics additives
23(1)
Processing technologies
23(1)
Instrumental analysis
23(1)
Polymer analysis
24(1)
Polymer/additive analysis
24(1)
References
24(5)
Deformulation Principles
29(22)
Polymer identification
30(2)
Additive analysis of rubbers: `Best Practice'
32(10)
Polymer extract analysis
42(4)
In situ polymer/additive analysis
46(1)
Class-specific polymer/additive analysis
47(1)
Bibliography
48(1)
Polymer identification
48(1)
Deformulation of rubbers
48(1)
Deformulation of polymers
48(1)
References
48(3)
Sample Preparation Perspectives
51(120)
Solvents
54(3)
Polymer solubility criteria
55(1)
Solubility parameters
55(1)
Polymer solutions
56(1)
Extraction strategy
57(2)
Conventional extraction technologies
59(22)
Liquid--liquid extraction
60(1)
Liquid--solid extraction
60(1)
Classical solvent extractions of additives from polymers
61(14)
Sonication
75(6)
High-pressure solvent extraction methods
81(42)
Supercritical fluid technology
81(4)
Analytical SFE
85(15)
Subcritical water extraction
100(1)
Microwave technology
101(3)
Microwave-assisted extractions
104(13)
Pressurised fluid extraction
117(6)
Sorbent extraction
123(11)
Solid-phase extraction
124(5)
Solid-phase microextraction
129(4)
Stir bar sorptive extraction
133(1)
Methodological comparison of extraction methods
134(12)
Experimental comparisons
136(2)
Extraction selectivity
138(2)
`Nonextractable' additive analysis
140(6)
Polymer/additive dissolution methods
146(6)
Hydrolysis
152(3)
Bibliography
155(1)
Sampling and sample preparation
155(1)
Solvents/solubility
155(1)
Extraction methods
156(1)
References
156(15)
Separation Techniques
171(128)
Analytical detectors
177(4)
Gas chromatography
181(24)
High-temperature gas chromatography
200(2)
Headspace gas chromatography
202(3)
Supercritical fluid chromatography
205(12)
Liquid chromatography techniques
217(56)
Planar chromatographies
218(12)
Column chromatographies
230(43)
Capillary electrophoretic techniques
273(5)
Bibliography
278(3)
General texts
278(1)
Detectors
279(1)
Gas chromatography
279(1)
Supercritical fluid chromatography
279(1)
Thin-layer chromatography
279(1)
Liquid chromatography
280(1)
Size-exclusion chromatography
280(1)
Ion chromatography
280(1)
Capillary electrophoretic techniques
280(1)
References
281(18)
Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative
299(50)
Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry
302(9)
Infrared spectroscopy
311(7)
Luminescence spectroscopy
318(5)
High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
323(19)
Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy
336(6)
Bibliography
342(1)
General spectroscopy
342(1)
Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry
342(1)
Infrared spectroscopy
342(1)
Luminescence spectroscopy
342(1)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
342(1)
References
342(7)
Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods
349(76)
Basic instrumentation
351(6)
Inlet systems
352(1)
Modes of detection
353(1)
Mass resolution
354(1)
Isotope distributions
354(1)
Accurate mass measurements
355(2)
Ion sources
357(29)
Electron impact ionisation
360(2)
Chemical ionisation
362(5)
Metastable atom bombardment
367(1)
Fast atom bombardment
367(5)
Field ionisation
372(2)
Field desorption
374(2)
Thermospray ionisation
376(2)
Atmospheric pressure ionisation techniques
378(5)
Desorption/ionisation methods
383(2)
Photoionisation techniques
385(1)
Mass analysers
386(21)
Sector analysers
387(2)
Quadrupole mass spectrometers
389(1)
Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
390(3)
Quadrupole ion trap
393(2)
Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry
395(3)
Tandem mass spectrometry
398(9)
Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis
407(8)
Ion mobility spectrometry
415(2)
Bibliography
417(1)
Mass spectrometry (General)
417(1)
Mass spectrometers
417(1)
Ionisation modes
417(1)
References
418(7)
Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis
425(160)
Precolumn hyphenation
428(21)
Chromatographic sampling methods
432(17)
Coupled sample preparation -- spectroscopy/spectrometry
449(3)
Postcolumn hyphenation
452(93)
(Multi)hyphenated GC techniques
456(19)
(Multi)hyphenated SFC techniques
475(14)
(Multi)hyphenated HPLC techniques
489(38)
Hyphenated SEC techniques
527(3)
Hyphenated TLC techniques
530(13)
Hyphenated CE techniques
543(2)
Multidimensional chromatography
545(15)
Multidimensional gas chromatography
548(2)
Multidimensional supercritical fluid chromatography
550(1)
Multidimensional liquid chromatography
550(8)
Multidimensional thin-layer chromatography
558(2)
Multidimensional spectroscopy
560(2)
Bibliography
562(2)
General
562(1)
Multihyphenation and multidimensionality
563(1)
Precolumn hyphenation
563(1)
Postcolumn hyphenation
563(1)
Multidimensional chromatography
563(1)
Multidimensional spectroscopy
563(1)
References
564(21)
Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods
585(106)
Element analytical protocols
587(4)
Element analytical pretreatment protocols
588(1)
Element analysis methods
589(2)
Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis
591(14)
Combustion analysis
593(4)
Wet matrix digestion
597(7)
Fusion methods
604(1)
Analytical atomic spectrometry
605(22)
Atomic absorption spectrometry
608(5)
Atomic emission spectrometry
613(11)
Atomic fluorescence spectrometry
624(1)
Direct spectrometric analysis of solid samples
625(2)
X-ray spectrometry
627(21)
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
628(11)
Particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry
639(3)
X-ray absorption spectrometry
642(2)
X-ray diffraction
644(4)
Inorganic mass spectrometry
648(14)
Spark-source mass spectrometry
650(1)
Glow-discharge mass spectrometry
651(1)
Inductively coupled plasma--mass spectrometry
652(7)
Isotope dilution mass spectrometry
659(3)
Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods
662(4)
Activation analysis
663(3)
Electroanalytical techniques
666(8)
Potentiometric methods
668(1)
Voltammetric methods
669(4)
Coulometric methods
673(1)
Solid-state speciation analysis
674(3)
Bibliography
677(2)
Sampling and sample preparation
677(1)
Atomic spectrometry
677(1)
X-ray spectrometry
678(1)
Inorganic mass spectrometry
678(1)
Nuclear analytical methods
679(1)
Trace-element analysis
679(1)
Electroanalysis
679(1)
Speciation analysis
679(1)
References
679(12)
Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions
691(20)
Chromatographic methods
692(4)
Size-exclusion chromatography
693(3)
Spectroscopic techniques
696(5)
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
696(5)
Mass-spectrometric methods
701(8)
MALDI-MS analysis of polymer/additive dissolutions
702(7)
References
709(2)
A Vision for the Future
711(40)
Trends in polymer technology
712(3)
Trends in additive technology
715(8)
Advances in additives
717(6)
Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints
723(2)
Trends in manufacturing, processing and formulation
724(1)
Analytical consequences
725(21)
General analytical tool development
728(1)
Future trends in polymer/additive analysis
729(10)
Analytical challenges
739(1)
Polymer/additive analysis at the extremes
740(3)
Advanced polymer/additive deformulation schemes
743(3)
Epilogue
746(1)
Bibliography
747(1)
References
747(4)
Appendix I List of Symbols 751(22)
Appendix II Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins 773(20)
Appendix III Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets 793(10)
Index 803

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