Foreword |
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ix | |
Preface |
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xi | |
About the Author |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
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1 | (28) |
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2 | (3) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (4) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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Economic impact of polymer additives |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (12) |
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Regulations and standardisation |
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15 | (2) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Polymer/additive analysis |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (5) |
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29 | (22) |
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30 | (2) |
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Additive analysis of rubbers: `Best Practice' |
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32 | (10) |
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42 | (4) |
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In situ polymer/additive analysis |
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46 | (1) |
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Class-specific polymer/additive analysis |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Deformulation of polymers |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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Sample Preparation Perspectives |
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51 | (120) |
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54 | (3) |
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Polymer solubility criteria |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (2) |
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Conventional extraction technologies |
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59 | (22) |
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Liquid--liquid extraction |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Classical solvent extractions of additives from polymers |
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61 | (14) |
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75 | (6) |
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High-pressure solvent extraction methods |
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81 | (42) |
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Supercritical fluid technology |
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81 | (4) |
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85 | (15) |
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Subcritical water extraction |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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Microwave-assisted extractions |
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104 | (13) |
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Pressurised fluid extraction |
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117 | (6) |
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123 | (11) |
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124 | (5) |
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Solid-phase microextraction |
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129 | (4) |
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Stir bar sorptive extraction |
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133 | (1) |
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Methodological comparison of extraction methods |
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134 | (12) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (2) |
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`Nonextractable' additive analysis |
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140 | (6) |
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Polymer/additive dissolution methods |
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146 | (6) |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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Sampling and sample preparation |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (15) |
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171 | (128) |
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177 | (4) |
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181 | (24) |
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High-temperature gas chromatography |
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200 | (2) |
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Headspace gas chromatography |
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202 | (3) |
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Supercritical fluid chromatography |
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205 | (12) |
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Liquid chromatography techniques |
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217 | (56) |
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218 | (12) |
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230 | (43) |
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Capillary electrophoretic techniques |
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273 | (5) |
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278 | (3) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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Supercritical fluid chromatography |
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279 | (1) |
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Thin-layer chromatography |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Size-exclusion chromatography |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Capillary electrophoretic techniques |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (18) |
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Polymer/Additive Analysis: The Spectroscopic Alternative |
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299 | (50) |
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Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry |
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302 | (9) |
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311 | (7) |
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Luminescence spectroscopy |
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318 | (5) |
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High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
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323 | (19) |
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Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy |
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336 | (6) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Ultraviolet/visible spectrophotometry |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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Luminescence spectroscopy |
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342 | (1) |
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (7) |
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Organic Mass-Spectrometric Methods |
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349 | (76) |
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351 | (6) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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Accurate mass measurements |
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355 | (2) |
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357 | (29) |
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Electron impact ionisation |
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360 | (2) |
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362 | (5) |
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Metastable atom bombardment |
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367 | (1) |
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367 | (5) |
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372 | (2) |
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374 | (2) |
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376 | (2) |
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Atmospheric pressure ionisation techniques |
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378 | (5) |
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Desorption/ionisation methods |
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383 | (2) |
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Photoionisation techniques |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (21) |
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387 | (2) |
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Quadrupole mass spectrometers |
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389 | (1) |
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Time-of-flight mass spectrometry |
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390 | (3) |
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393 | (2) |
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Fourier-transform ion-cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (9) |
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Direct mass-spectrometric polymer compound analysis |
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407 | (8) |
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Ion mobility spectrometry |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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Mass spectrometry (General) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (7) |
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Multihyphenation and Multidimensionality in Polymer/Additive Analysis |
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425 | (160) |
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428 | (21) |
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Chromatographic sampling methods |
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432 | (17) |
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Coupled sample preparation -- spectroscopy/spectrometry |
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449 | (3) |
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452 | (93) |
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(Multi)hyphenated GC techniques |
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456 | (19) |
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(Multi)hyphenated SFC techniques |
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475 | (14) |
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(Multi)hyphenated HPLC techniques |
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489 | (38) |
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Hyphenated SEC techniques |
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527 | (3) |
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Hyphenated TLC techniques |
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530 | (13) |
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543 | (2) |
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Multidimensional chromatography |
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545 | (15) |
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Multidimensional gas chromatography |
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548 | (2) |
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Multidimensional supercritical fluid chromatography |
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550 | (1) |
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Multidimensional liquid chromatography |
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550 | (8) |
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Multidimensional thin-layer chromatography |
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558 | (2) |
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Multidimensional spectroscopy |
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560 | (2) |
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562 | (2) |
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562 | (1) |
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Multihyphenation and multidimensionality |
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563 | (1) |
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563 | (1) |
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563 | (1) |
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Multidimensional chromatography |
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563 | (1) |
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Multidimensional spectroscopy |
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563 | (1) |
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564 | (21) |
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Inorganic and Element Analytical Methods |
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585 | (106) |
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Element analytical protocols |
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587 | (4) |
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Element analytical pretreatment protocols |
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588 | (1) |
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589 | (2) |
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Sample destruction for classical elemental analysis |
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591 | (14) |
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593 | (4) |
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597 | (7) |
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604 | (1) |
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Analytical atomic spectrometry |
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605 | (22) |
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Atomic absorption spectrometry |
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608 | (5) |
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Atomic emission spectrometry |
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613 | (11) |
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Atomic fluorescence spectrometry |
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624 | (1) |
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Direct spectrometric analysis of solid samples |
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625 | (2) |
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627 | (21) |
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X-ray fluorescence spectrometry |
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628 | (11) |
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Particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry |
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639 | (3) |
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X-ray absorption spectrometry |
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642 | (2) |
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644 | (4) |
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Inorganic mass spectrometry |
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648 | (14) |
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Spark-source mass spectrometry |
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650 | (1) |
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Glow-discharge mass spectrometry |
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651 | (1) |
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Inductively coupled plasma--mass spectrometry |
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652 | (7) |
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Isotope dilution mass spectrometry |
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659 | (3) |
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Radioanalytical and nuclear analytical methods |
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662 | (4) |
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663 | (3) |
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Electroanalytical techniques |
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666 | (8) |
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668 | (1) |
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669 | (4) |
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673 | (1) |
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Solid-state speciation analysis |
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674 | (3) |
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677 | (2) |
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Sampling and sample preparation |
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677 | (1) |
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677 | (1) |
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678 | (1) |
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Inorganic mass spectrometry |
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678 | (1) |
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Nuclear analytical methods |
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679 | (1) |
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679 | (1) |
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679 | (1) |
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679 | (1) |
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679 | (12) |
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Direct Methods of Deformulation of Polymer/Additive Dissolutions |
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691 | (20) |
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692 | (4) |
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Size-exclusion chromatography |
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693 | (3) |
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696 | (5) |
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Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy |
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696 | (5) |
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Mass-spectrometric methods |
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701 | (8) |
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MALDI-MS analysis of polymer/additive dissolutions |
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702 | (7) |
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709 | (2) |
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711 | (40) |
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Trends in polymer technology |
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712 | (3) |
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Trends in additive technology |
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715 | (8) |
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717 | (6) |
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Environmental, legislative and regulatory constraints |
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723 | (2) |
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Trends in manufacturing, processing and formulation |
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724 | (1) |
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725 | (21) |
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General analytical tool development |
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728 | (1) |
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Future trends in polymer/additive analysis |
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729 | (10) |
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739 | (1) |
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Polymer/additive analysis at the extremes |
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740 | (3) |
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Advanced polymer/additive deformulation schemes |
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743 | (3) |
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746 | (1) |
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747 | (1) |
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747 | (4) |
Appendix I List of Symbols |
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751 | (22) |
Appendix II Functionality of Common Additives Used in Commercial Thermoplastics, Rubbers and Thermosetting Resins |
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773 | (20) |
Appendix III Specimen Polymer Additives Product Sheets |
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793 | (10) |
Index |
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803 | |