Preface |
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v | |
Contributors |
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xvii | |
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Atmospheric Modeling and Dispersion |
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1 | (34) |
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1 | (3) |
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4 | (12) |
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4 | (1) |
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The Mitre Air Quality Index (MAQI) |
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5 | (1) |
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Extreme Value Index (EVI) |
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6 | (2) |
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Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (5) |
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Dispersion of Airborne Effluents |
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16 | (19) |
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16 | (1) |
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Wind Direction Standard Deviations |
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17 | (1) |
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Plume Standard Deviations |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Maximum Ground-Level Concentration |
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18 | (1) |
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Steady-State Dispersion Model (Crosswind Pollutant Concentrations) |
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19 | (1) |
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Centerline Pollutant Concentrations |
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19 | (1) |
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Short-Term Pollutant Concentrations |
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20 | (1) |
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Long-Term Pollutant Concentrations |
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20 | (1) |
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Stability and Environmental Conditions |
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21 | (2) |
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Air Dispersion Applications |
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23 | (6) |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (2) |
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Desulfurization and Emissions Control |
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35 | (62) |
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35 | (2) |
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Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Emissions |
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36 | (1) |
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SOx Emissions Control Technologies |
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36 | (1) |
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Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide Pollution |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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US Air Quality Act and SOx Emission Control Plan |
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38 | (2) |
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Desulfurization Through Coal Cleaning |
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40 | (5) |
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Conventional Coal Cleaning Technologies |
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40 | (1) |
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Advanced Coal Cleaning Technologies |
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41 | (3) |
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Innovative Hydrothermal Desulfurization for Coal Cleaning |
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44 | (1) |
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Desulfurization Through Vehicular Fuel Cleaning |
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45 | (1) |
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Desulfurization Through Coal Liquefaction, Gasification, and Pyrolysis |
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46 | (4) |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Desulfurization Through Coal-Limestone Combustion |
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50 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Hydrogen Sulfide Reduction by Emerging Technologies |
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52 | (2) |
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Innovative Wet Scrubbing Using a Nontoxic Chelated Iron Catalyst |
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52 | (1) |
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Conventional Wet Scrubbing Using Alkaline and Oxidative Scrubbing Solution |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Selective Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Gasifier Synthesis Gas |
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54 | (1) |
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Biological Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide |
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54 | (1) |
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``Wet'' Flue Gas Desulfurization Using Lime and Limestone |
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54 | (22) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (3) |
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FGD Process Design and Operation Considerations |
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58 | (4) |
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FGD Process Modifications and Additives |
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62 | (2) |
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Technologies for Smelters |
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64 | (1) |
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FGD Process Design Configurations |
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65 | (9) |
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FGD Process O&M Practices |
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74 | (2) |
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Emerging ``Wet'' Sulfur Oxide Reduction Technologies |
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76 | (3) |
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Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization Process |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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Milliken Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Project |
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78 | (1) |
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Emerging ``Dry'' Sulfur Oxides Reduction Technologies and Others |
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79 | (3) |
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Dry Scrubbing Using Lime or Sodium Carbonate |
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79 | (1) |
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Limb and Coolside Technologies |
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79 | (1) |
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Integration of Processes for Combined SOx and NOx Reduction |
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80 | (1) |
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Gas Suspension Absorbent Process |
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81 | (1) |
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Specialized Processes for Smelter Emissions: Advanced Calcium Silicate Injection Technology |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (9) |
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91 | (6) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (5) |
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97 | (16) |
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97 | (3) |
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97 | (1) |
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Carbon Sequestration Process Description |
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98 | (2) |
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Development of a Carbon Sequestration Road Map |
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100 | (1) |
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Terrestrial Sequestration |
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101 | (1) |
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CO2 Separation and Capture |
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102 | (3) |
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Geologic Sequestration Options |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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Chemical and Biological Fixation and Reuse |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (3) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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Control of NOx During Stationary Combustion |
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113 | (14) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (6) |
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115 | (4) |
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Postcombustion NOx Control |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Simultaneous SO2 and NOx Control |
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120 | (1) |
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Results of Recent Demonstratiort Plants on NOx Control |
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121 | (2) |
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Future Regulation Considerations |
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123 | (1) |
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Future Technology Developments in Multipollutant Control |
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123 | (4) |
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124 | (3) |
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Control of Heavy Metals in Emission Streams |
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127 | (24) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (11) |
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Reactions in the Incinerator |
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128 | (4) |
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Control of Metal Emissions |
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132 | (7) |
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Control Device of Heavy Metals |
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139 | (6) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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Electrostatic Precipitator |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Chemical Stabilization and Fixation |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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Fluidized-Bed Metal Capture |
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143 | (2) |
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Metal Emission Control Examples |
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145 | (6) |
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Municipal Solid-Waste Incineration |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (2) |
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Hazardous Waste Incinerator Operation at Low-to-Moderate Temperature |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (3) |
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Ventilation and Air Conditioning |
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151 | (86) |
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Air Ventilation and Circulation |
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151 | (6) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (4) |
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157 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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Rate of Minimum Air Velocity |
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159 | (1) |
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Volumetric Airflow Rate per Unit Floor Area |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (7) |
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160 | (3) |
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163 | (3) |
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Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Limit |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (19) |
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Theoretical Considerations |
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167 | (4) |
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171 | (3) |
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174 | (6) |
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180 | (6) |
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186 | (7) |
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General Discussion and Considerations |
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186 | (4) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (13) |
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Health Concern and Indoor Pollution Control |
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206 | (4) |
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Health Effects and Standards |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Pollution Control in Future Air Conditioned Environments |
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209 | (1) |
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Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning |
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210 | (27) |
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210 | (3) |
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213 | (4) |
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HVAC and Indoor Air Quality Control |
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217 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (2) |
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Appendix A: Recommended Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances |
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223 | (6) |
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Appendix B: Tentative Threshold Limit Values of Hazardous Substances |
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229 | (1) |
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Appendix C: Respirable Dusts Evaluated by Count |
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230 | (1) |
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Appendix D: Converting from Round to Rectangular Ductwork |
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231 | (1) |
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Appendix E: Procedure for Fan Selection to Meet a Specific Sound Level Limit |
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231 | (2) |
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Appendix F: Method for Determination of Room Attenuation Effect (RAE) |
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233 | (1) |
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Appendix G: Calculation of a Single-Number Sound-Power Level Adjusted to ``A'' Weighted Network (LwA) |
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234 | (1) |
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Appendix H: Determination of Composite Sound Level |
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234 | (1) |
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Appendix I: Noise Absorption Coefficients of General Building Materials |
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235 | (2) |
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Indoor Air Pollution Control |
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237 | (36) |
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Indoor Air Quality: Increasing Public Health Concern |
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237 | (1) |
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Indoor Air Pollution and Health Effects |
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238 | (15) |
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Sources of Indoor Air Pollution |
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238 | (2) |
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Health Effects of Indoor Air Pollutants |
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240 | (13) |
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253 | (16) |
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Identifying Indoor Air Pollution Problems |
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253 | (1) |
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Monitoring Indoor Air Quality |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (14) |
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Regulatory and Nonregulatory Measures for Indoor Air Quality Management |
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269 | (4) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (62) |
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273 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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275 | (50) |
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276 | (8) |
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284 | (8) |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (4) |
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Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation |
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299 | (5) |
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Design Example of Wet Scrubbing or Gas Washing Oxidation |
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304 | (3) |
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307 | (3) |
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310 | (8) |
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Indirect Plasma Method (Ozone or Radicals Injection) |
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318 | (5) |
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323 | (2) |
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325 | (10) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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Working Principles of Biological Treatment Processes |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (4) |
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335 | (24) |
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335 | (5) |
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336 | (1) |
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Growth of Radioactive Products in a Decay Series |
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337 | (3) |
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Instrumental Methods of Radon Measurement |
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340 | (4) |
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Radon Gas Measurement Methods |
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340 | (3) |
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Radon Decay Product Measurement Methods |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (3) |
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Radon Mitigation in Domestic Properties |
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347 | (12) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (1) |
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Types of House and Radon Reduction |
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352 | (4) |
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356 | (3) |
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Cooling of Thermal Discharges |
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359 | (26) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (10) |
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Mechanism of Heat Dissipation (Cooling) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (9) |
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370 | (15) |
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Mechanism of Heat Dissipation in Cooling Towers |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Natural Draft Atmospheric Cooling Towers |
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371 | (2) |
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Natural Draft, Wet Hyperbolic Cooling Towers |
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373 | (3) |
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376 | (1) |
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Hybrid Draft Cooling Towers |
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376 | (1) |
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Induced (Mechanical) or Forced Draft Wet Cooling Towers |
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376 | (4) |
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Cooling Tower Performance Problems |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (2) |
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Performance and Costs of Air Pollution Control Technologies |
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385 | (56) |
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385 | (1) |
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Air Emission Sources and Control |
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385 | (1) |
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Air Pollution Control Devices Selection |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (5) |
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Point Source VOC Controls |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (1) |
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Area Source VOC and PM Controls |
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388 | (3) |
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Pressure Drops Across Various APCDs |
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391 | (1) |
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Energy and Cost Considerations for Minor Point Source Controls |
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391 | (13) |
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Sizing and Selection of Cyclones, Gas Precoolers, and Gas Preheaters |
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391 | (2) |
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Sizing and Selection of Fans, Ductworks, Stacks, Dampers, and Hoods |
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393 | (3) |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (3) |
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403 | (1) |
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Energy and Cost Considerations for Major Point Source Controls |
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404 | (8) |
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404 | (1) |
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Sizing and Selection of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices |
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404 | (1) |
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Purchased Equipment Costs of Major Add-on Air Pollution Control Devices |
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404 | (8) |
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Energy and Cost Considerations for Area Source Controls |
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412 | (5) |
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412 | (2) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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416 | (1) |
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Operational Control Costs |
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416 | (1) |
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Capital Costs in Current Dollars |
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417 | (4) |
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Annualized Operating Costs |
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421 | (7) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (5) |
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426 | (2) |
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Cost Adjustments and Considerations |
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428 | (3) |
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Calculation of Current and Future Costs |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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Energy Conversion and Representative Heat Values |
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429 | (1) |
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Construction Costs, O&M Costs, Replacement Costs, and Salvage Values |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (10) |
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436 | (2) |
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438 | (2) |
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Appendix: Conversion Factors |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (12) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (1) |
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446 | (4) |
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450 | (3) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (58) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (8) |
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454 | (1) |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (2) |
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458 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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458 | (1) |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (1) |
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462 | (9) |
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462 | (2) |
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Sound Buildup and Sound Decay |
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464 | (3) |
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467 | (1) |
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468 | (1) |
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Optimum Reverberation Time |
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469 | (1) |
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Energy Density and Reverberation Time |
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469 | (1) |
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Relationship Between Direct and Reflected Sound |
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470 | (1) |
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471 | (2) |
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471 | (1) |
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Wind and Temperature Gradients |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | (7) |
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473 | (6) |
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Nonacoustical Parameters of Absorptive Materials |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (8) |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (5) |
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486 | (1) |
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Noise Isolation Class (NIC) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (3) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (2) |
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491 | (1) |
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491 | (20) |
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491 | (4) |
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495 | (8) |
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503 | (4) |
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507 | (1) |
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508 | (3) |
Index |
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511 | |