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Summary

In recent years, industry has become increasingly interested in modern aerosol measurement methods, not only to protect the health of their workers but also to augment productivity and thereby gain competitive advantage. Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, Second Edition offers scientists and practitioners the fundamental principles used in deciding which aerosol properties to measure and how to interpret the results. Divided into three parts, the material reviews the physical understanding of aerosols, covers specific instrumental techniques, and explains applications in fields ranging from health care to mining and upper-atmosphere research. Leading experts contribute to the review of such areas as direct-reading techniques, bioaerosol sampling, indoor air evaluations, industrial aerosol processing, and measurement in semiconductor clean rooms. Plus, all the chapters in this latest edition have been updated and some have been rewritten by new authors. Two new chapters have been added: one on historical aspects of aerosol measurements and the other on real-time single particle analysis.

Table of Contents

Preface xv
List of Principal Symbols
xvii
Contributors xxi
I PRINCIPLES 1(140)
Historical Aspects of Aerosol Measurements
3(28)
Kvetoslav R. Spurny
Introduction
3(1)
The Early Days
3(1)
Preclassical Period of Aerosol Measurement
3(4)
Classical Period of Aerosol Measurement
7(15)
Measurement of Fibrous Aerosols
22(2)
Concluding Remarks
24(7)
Bridging Science and Application in Aerosol Measurement: Accessing Available Tools
31(14)
Paul A. Baron
Klaus Willeke
Introduction
31(1)
Associated Fields
32(1)
Computer Technology
32(1)
Languages
33(1)
Aerosol Calculator
34(11)
Aerosol Fundamentals
45(16)
Paul A. Baron
Klaus Willeke
Introduction
45(1)
Desirable versus Undesirable Aerosols
46(1)
Units and Use of Equations
46(2)
Common Technical and Descriptive Terms
48(1)
Particle Size and Shape
49(4)
Particle Suspensions
53(1)
Instrument Considerations
54(1)
Particle Shape Measurement
55(2)
Particle Forces
57(4)
Gas and Particle Motion
61(22)
Paul A. Baron
Klaus Willeke
Introduction
61(1)
Bulk Gas Motion
61(3)
Transition and Gas Molecular Flow
64(3)
Gas and Particle Diffusion
67(2)
Aerodynamic Drag on Particles
69(2)
Particle Motion Due to Gravity
71(3)
Particle Parameters
74(3)
Particle Motion in an Electric Field
77(2)
Particle Motion in Other Force Fields
79(4)
Physical and Chemical Changes in the Particulate Phase
83(16)
William C. Hinds
Introduction
83(3)
Condensation
86(2)
Nucleation
88(1)
Evaporation
89(2)
Coagulation
91(5)
Reactions
96(3)
Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols
99(18)
Walter John
Basic Concepts of Particle Size and Distributions
99(3)
Ambient Aerosols
102(10)
Indoor Aerosols
112(1)
Industrial Aerosols
113(4)
An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements
117(24)
Paul A. Baron
William A. Heitbrink
Introduction
117(1)
Quality Assurance: Planning a Measurement
117(1)
Measurement Accuracy
118(1)
Size Range
119(1)
Collection and Analysis Measurement
120(2)
Direct-Reading Measurement of Aerosols
122(2)
Aerosol Measurement Errors
124(17)
II TECHNIQUES 141(562)
Sampling and Transport of Aerosols
143(54)
John E. Brockmann
Introduction
143(5)
Sample Extraction
148(22)
Sample Transport
170(18)
Other Sampling Issues
188(2)
Summary and Conclusions
190(7)
Filter Collection
197(32)
K. W. Lee
R. Mukund
Introduction
197(1)
General Principles of Filter Sampling
198(3)
Aerosol Measurement Filters
201(4)
Filtration Theory
205(15)
Filter Selection
220(9)
Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Collection Techniques
229(32)
Virgil A. Marple
Bernard A. Olson
Kenneth L. Rubow
Introduction
229(1)
Inertial Classifiers
230(24)
Settling Devices and Centrifuges
254(2)
Thermal Precipitators
256(5)
Chemical Analysis Methods for Atmospheric Aerosol Components
261(34)
Paul A. Solomon
Gary Norris
Mathew Landis
Michael Tolocka
Introduction
261(2)
Scope and Objectives
263(3)
Mass Measurements
266(2)
Water-Extractable Anion and Cation Analysis Methods
268(4)
Particulate Carbon
272(4)
Elemental Analysis by Nondestructive Techniques
276(3)
Elemental Analysis by Destructive Techniques
279(2)
Continuous Methods
281(3)
Summary
284(11)
Analysis of Individual Collected Particles
295(70)
R. A. Fletcher
J. A. Small
J. H. J. Scott
Introduction
295(3)
Light Microscopy
298(5)
Electron Beam Analysis of Particles
303(31)
Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry
334(6)
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
340(5)
Raman Microprobe
345(3)
Infrared Microscopy
348(1)
Scanning Probe Microscopy
349(4)
Complementary Capabilities of Microanalytical Instrumentation
353(12)
Real-Time Single-Particle Analysis
365(22)
Anthony S. Wexler
Murray V. Johnston
Introduction
365(6)
Particle Detection
371(1)
Particle Sizing
372(1)
Particle Vaporization and Ionization
373(4)
Mass Analysis
377(2)
Data Handling and Interpretation
379(1)
Putting It All Together --- Selected Instruments
380(7)
Dynamic Mass and Surface Area Measurements
387(32)
Urs Baltensperger
Ernest Weingartner
Heinz Burtscher
Jorma Keskinen
Introduction
387(1)
Mass Measurement
387(1)
Piezoelectric Crystal Measurement Method
387(2)
Beta Gauge Method
389(6)
Tapered-Element Oscillating Microbalance Method
395(4)
Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor
399(5)
Surface Area Measurement
404(2)
Epiphaniometer
406(2)
Diffusion Charger
408(4)
Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor
412(7)
Optical Direct-Reading Techniques: Light Intensity Systems
419(36)
Josef Gebhart
Introduction
419(1)
Light Scattering and Extinction by a Single Sphere
420(7)
Light Scattering and Extinction by an Assembly of Particles
427(6)
Single-Particle Optical Counters
433(13)
Multiple-Particle Optical Techniques
446(3)
Light Scattering by Irregular Particles
449(6)
Optical Direct-Reading Techniques: In Situ Sensing
455(40)
Daniel J. Rader
Timothy J. O'Hern
Introduction
455(1)
Overview
456(5)
Light Scattering
461(4)
Single-Particle Counters: Intensity Based
465(4)
Single-Particle Counters: LDV Visibility Based
469(1)
Single-Particle Counters: Phase Based
470(3)
Single-Particle Counters: Imaging
473(2)
Ensemble Techniques: Particle Field Imaging
475(2)
Ensemble Techniques: Fraunhofer Diffraction
477(4)
Ensemble Techniques: Dynamic Light Scattering
481(1)
Performance Verification
482(5)
Conclusions
487(8)
Direct-Reading Techniques Using Particle Motion and Optical Detection
495(42)
Paul A. Baron
Malay K. Mazumder
Yung-Sung Cheng
Introduction
495(1)
Electric-Single Particle Aerodynamic Relaxation Time Analyzer
496(12)
Aerodynamic Particle Sizer
508(12)
Aerosizer
520(7)
Fibrous Aerosol Monitor
527(10)
Electrical Techniques
537(32)
Richard C. Flagan
Introduction
537(1)
Behavior of Charged Particles
538(2)
Relationship Between Migration and Diffusion
540(1)
Aerosol Charge Conditioning
540(11)
Particle Sampling
551(1)
Particle Size Distribution Measurement
551(18)
Condensation Detection and Diffusion Size Separation Techniques
569(34)
Yung-Sung Cheng
Introduction
569(1)
Condensation Theory
570(3)
Condensation Nuclei Counters
573(6)
Theories of the Diffusion Measurement Technique
579(3)
Diffusion Denuders
582(5)
Diffusion Batteries
587(9)
Conclusions
596(7)
Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles
603(24)
E. James Davis
Introduction
603(2)
Levitation Principles
605(3)
Particle Sizing
608(5)
Force Measurement
613(2)
Mass and Charge Measurement
615(3)
Evaporation/Condensation
618(2)
Chemical Reactions
620(2)
Concluding Remarks
622(5)
Instrument Calibration
627(40)
Bean T. Chen
Walter John
Introduction
627(1)
Measurement Methods and Calibration Standards
628(1)
General Considerations
629(3)
Calibration Apparatus and Procedures
632(3)
Test Aerosol Generation
635(15)
Calibration of Flow, Pressure, and Velocity
650(6)
Instrument Calibration
656(4)
Summary of Calibration Procedures
660(7)
Methods of Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation
667(36)
Douglas W. Cooper
Introduction
667(1)
Particle Size Distributions
668(5)
Concentration Distributions
673(2)
Summarizing Data with a Few Parameters
675(4)
Summarizing Size Distributions Graphically
679(3)
Confidence Intervals and Error Analysis
682(2)
Testing Hypotheses with Size Distribution Data
684(5)
Coincidence Errors
689(1)
Choosing Size Interval Demarcations
690(1)
Data Inversion
690(13)
III APPLICATIONS 703(362)
Nonspherical Particle Measurements: Shape Factors, Fractals, and Fibers
705(46)
Paul A. Baron
Christopher M. Sorensen
John E. Brockmann
Introduction
705(1)
Shape Factor
705(2)
Fractal Particles
707(18)
Fibers
725(26)
Biological Particle Sampling
751(28)
Tiina Reponen
Klaus Willeke
Sergey Grinshpun
Aino Nevalainen
Introduction
751(1)
Bioaerosol Types
752(4)
Sources of Bioaerosols
756(1)
General Sampling Considerations
757(3)
Principles of Bioaerosol Collection
760(4)
Collection Time
764(5)
Selection of Sampler
769(2)
Calibration
771(1)
Contamination
771(1)
Sample Analysis
772(7)
Aerosol Measurement in the Workplace
779(22)
Andrew D. Maynard
Paul A. Jensen
Introduction
779(1)
Aerosol Exposure Measurement in the Workplace
780(4)
Sampling Against Exposure Conventions
784(7)
Measurement of Size Distribution
791(1)
Use of Direct-Reading Instruments
792(2)
Future Trends
794(7)
Mine Aerosol Measurement
801(20)
Bruce K. Cantrell
Jon C. Volkwein
Introduction
801(1)
Mine Aerosol Sources
802(1)
Physical Characteristics of Mine Aerosol
803(3)
Measurement Technology
806(15)
Ambient Air Sampling
821(24)
John G. Watson
Judith C. Chow
Introduction
821(1)
Sampling System Components
822(11)
Sampling Systems
833(5)
Selecting a Sampling System
838(1)
Conclusions
839(6)
Fugitive Dust Emissions
845(14)
Chatten Cowherd, Jr.
Introduction
845(1)
Factors Affecting Dust Emissions
845(3)
Emission Calculation Procedure
848(2)
Emission Quantification Techniques
850(4)
Emission Models
854(1)
Emission Control Options
855(4)
Indoor Aerosols and Exposure Assessment
859(28)
Charles E. Rodes
Russell W. Wiener
Introduction
859(1)
Concentrations Versus Exposures
860(2)
Measurement Strategies
862(4)
Sampling and Analysis Methods
866(6)
Indoor Air Assessments
872(4)
Exposure Studies
876(3)
Modeling
879(8)
Measurement of Aerosol from Aircraft
887(16)
James Charles Wilson
W. Russell Seebaugh
Introduction
887(1)
Research Utilizing Aerosol Measurement from Aircraft
887(1)
Objectives to be Achieved in Airborne Aerosol Sampling and Measurement
888(1)
Airborne Aerosol Measurement Techniques
889(2)
Effects Complicating Aerosol Sampling from Aircraft
891(3)
Review of Inlets
894(4)
Conclusions
898(5)
Measurement of High-Concentration and High-Temperature Aerosols
903(26)
Pratim Biswas
Introduction
903(1)
Dilution Systems
904(7)
EPA Stack Sampling Methods
911(1)
High-Temperature Impactors
912(1)
In Situ Measurements
913(10)
Characterization of Combustion Aerosols
923(6)
Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes
929(30)
Sotiris E. Pratsinis
Georgios Skillas
Toivo T. Kodas
Materials
929(2)
Aerosol Processes
931(8)
Measurement Techniques
939(20)
Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms
959(20)
Robert P. Donovan
Introduction
959(3)
International Standards for Classifying, Verifying, and Monitoring Cleanrooms: ISO 14644-1 and -2
962(9)
Commercially Available Aerosol Particle Counters for Cleanroom Classification and Monitoring
971(3)
Measuring Particulate Emissions from Cleanroom Equipment
974(3)
Conclusions
977(2)
Radioactive Aerosols
979(32)
Mark D. Hoover
George J. Newton
Introduction
979(1)
Radiation and Radioactive Decay
980(3)
Radiation Detection
983(2)
Safe Handling of Radioactive Aerosols
985(3)
Objectives for Measuring Radioactive Aerosols
988(3)
Application of Standard Measuring Techniques
991(5)
Special Techniques for Radioactive Aerosols
996(7)
Practical Options for Data Transmission and Networking
1003(1)
Adequacy of the Existing Aerosol Science Data Base
1003(1)
Conclusions
1004(7)
Radon and Its Short-Lived Decay Product Aerosols
1011(20)
Beverly S. Cohen
Introduction
1011(1)
Radon in the Environment
1011(3)
Radiometric Properties of Radon and Daughters
1014(2)
Aerosol Properties of Radon and Daughters
1016(1)
Human Exposure Parameters
1017(2)
Air Sampling for Radon and Its Short-Lived Decay Products
1019(7)
Calibration
1026(1)
Protocols for Indoor Measurement
1027(1)
Conclusions
1027(4)
Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Aerosols
1031(22)
Anthony J. Hickey
David Swift
Introduction
1031(2)
Pharmaceutical Aerosols by Route of Administration
1033(6)
Diagnostic Aerosols
1039(2)
Characterization of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Aerosols
1041(9)
Current Issues in Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Aerosol Measurement
1050(1)
Conclusions
1050(3)
Inhalation Toxicology: Sampling Strategies Related to Control of Exposure Atmospheres
1053(12)
Owen R. Moss
Introduction
1053(1)
Basic Atmosphere Generation and Control Systems
1054(2)
Properties of Exposure Systems
1056(1)
Basic Sampling Techniques and Strategies
1057(4)
Conclusions
1061(4)
Appendix A Glossary of Terms 1065(14)
Appendix B Conversion Factors 1079(2)
Appendix C Commonly Used Constants 1081(2)
Appendix D Some Properties of Air and Water 1083(2)
Appendix E Major Dimensionless Numbers 1085(2)
Appendix F Properties of Particles 1087(2)
Appendix G Geometric Formulas 1089(2)
Appendix H Bulk Densities of Some Common Aerosol Materials 1091(2)
Appendix I Manufacturers and Suppliers 1093(18)
Index 1111

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