Preface |
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xv | |
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List of Principal Symbols |
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xvii | |
Contributors |
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xxi | |
I PRINCIPLES |
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1 | (140) |
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Historical Aspects of Aerosol Measurements |
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3 | (28) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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Preclassical Period of Aerosol Measurement |
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3 | (4) |
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Classical Period of Aerosol Measurement |
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7 | (15) |
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Measurement of Fibrous Aerosols |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (7) |
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Bridging Science and Application in Aerosol Measurement: Accessing Available Tools |
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31 | (14) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (11) |
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45 | (16) |
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45 | (1) |
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Desirable versus Undesirable Aerosols |
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46 | (1) |
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Units and Use of Equations |
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46 | (2) |
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Common Technical and Descriptive Terms |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (4) |
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53 | (1) |
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Instrument Considerations |
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54 | (1) |
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Particle Shape Measurement |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (4) |
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61 | (22) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (3) |
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Transition and Gas Molecular Flow |
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64 | (3) |
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Gas and Particle Diffusion |
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67 | (2) |
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Aerodynamic Drag on Particles |
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69 | (2) |
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Particle Motion Due to Gravity |
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71 | (3) |
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74 | (3) |
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Particle Motion in an Electric Field |
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77 | (2) |
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Particle Motion in Other Force Fields |
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79 | (4) |
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Physical and Chemical Changes in the Particulate Phase |
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83 | (16) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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91 | (5) |
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96 | (3) |
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Size Distribution Characteristics of Aerosols |
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99 | (18) |
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Basic Concepts of Particle Size and Distributions |
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99 | (3) |
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102 | (10) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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An Approach to Performing Aerosol Measurements |
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117 | (24) |
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117 | (1) |
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Quality Assurance: Planning a Measurement |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Collection and Analysis Measurement |
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120 | (2) |
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Direct-Reading Measurement of Aerosols |
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122 | (2) |
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Aerosol Measurement Errors |
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124 | (17) |
II TECHNIQUES |
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141 | (562) |
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Sampling and Transport of Aerosols |
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143 | (54) |
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143 | (5) |
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148 | (22) |
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170 | (18) |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (7) |
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197 | (32) |
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197 | (1) |
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General Principles of Filter Sampling |
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198 | (3) |
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Aerosol Measurement Filters |
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201 | (4) |
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205 | (15) |
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220 | (9) |
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Inertial, Gravitational, Centrifugal, and Thermal Collection Techniques |
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229 | (32) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (24) |
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Settling Devices and Centrifuges |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (5) |
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Chemical Analysis Methods for Atmospheric Aerosol Components |
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261 | (34) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (3) |
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266 | (2) |
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Water-Extractable Anion and Cation Analysis Methods |
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268 | (4) |
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272 | (4) |
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Elemental Analysis by Nondestructive Techniques |
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276 | (3) |
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Elemental Analysis by Destructive Techniques |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (3) |
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284 | (11) |
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Analysis of Individual Collected Particles |
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295 | (70) |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (5) |
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Electron Beam Analysis of Particles |
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303 | (31) |
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Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry |
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334 | (6) |
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Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry |
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340 | (5) |
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345 | (3) |
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348 | (1) |
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Scanning Probe Microscopy |
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349 | (4) |
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Complementary Capabilities of Microanalytical Instrumentation |
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353 | (12) |
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Real-Time Single-Particle Analysis |
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365 | (22) |
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365 | (6) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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Particle Vaporization and Ionization |
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373 | (4) |
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377 | (2) |
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Data Handling and Interpretation |
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379 | (1) |
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Putting It All Together --- Selected Instruments |
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380 | (7) |
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Dynamic Mass and Surface Area Measurements |
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387 | (32) |
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387 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Piezoelectric Crystal Measurement Method |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (6) |
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Tapered-Element Oscillating Microbalance Method |
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395 | (4) |
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Electrical Low-Pressure Impactor |
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399 | (5) |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (4) |
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Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor |
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412 | (7) |
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Optical Direct-Reading Techniques: Light Intensity Systems |
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419 | (36) |
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419 | (1) |
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Light Scattering and Extinction by a Single Sphere |
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420 | (7) |
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Light Scattering and Extinction by an Assembly of Particles |
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427 | (6) |
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Single-Particle Optical Counters |
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433 | (13) |
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Multiple-Particle Optical Techniques |
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446 | (3) |
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Light Scattering by Irregular Particles |
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449 | (6) |
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Optical Direct-Reading Techniques: In Situ Sensing |
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455 | (40) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (5) |
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461 | (4) |
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Single-Particle Counters: Intensity Based |
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465 | (4) |
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Single-Particle Counters: LDV Visibility Based |
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469 | (1) |
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Single-Particle Counters: Phase Based |
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470 | (3) |
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Single-Particle Counters: Imaging |
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473 | (2) |
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Ensemble Techniques: Particle Field Imaging |
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475 | (2) |
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Ensemble Techniques: Fraunhofer Diffraction |
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477 | (4) |
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Ensemble Techniques: Dynamic Light Scattering |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (5) |
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487 | (8) |
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Direct-Reading Techniques Using Particle Motion and Optical Detection |
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495 | (42) |
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495 | (1) |
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Electric-Single Particle Aerodynamic Relaxation Time Analyzer |
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496 | (12) |
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Aerodynamic Particle Sizer |
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508 | (12) |
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520 | (7) |
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527 | (10) |
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537 | (32) |
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537 | (1) |
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Behavior of Charged Particles |
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538 | (2) |
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Relationship Between Migration and Diffusion |
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540 | (1) |
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Aerosol Charge Conditioning |
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540 | (11) |
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551 | (1) |
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Particle Size Distribution Measurement |
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551 | (18) |
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Condensation Detection and Diffusion Size Separation Techniques |
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569 | (34) |
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569 | (1) |
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570 | (3) |
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Condensation Nuclei Counters |
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573 | (6) |
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Theories of the Diffusion Measurement Technique |
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579 | (3) |
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582 | (5) |
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587 | (9) |
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596 | (7) |
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Electrodynamic Levitation of Particles |
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603 | (24) |
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603 | (2) |
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605 | (3) |
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608 | (5) |
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613 | (2) |
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Mass and Charge Measurement |
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615 | (3) |
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618 | (2) |
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620 | (2) |
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622 | (5) |
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627 | (40) |
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627 | (1) |
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Measurement Methods and Calibration Standards |
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628 | (1) |
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629 | (3) |
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Calibration Apparatus and Procedures |
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632 | (3) |
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635 | (15) |
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Calibration of Flow, Pressure, and Velocity |
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650 | (6) |
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656 | (4) |
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Summary of Calibration Procedures |
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660 | (7) |
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Methods of Size Distribution Data Analysis and Presentation |
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667 | (36) |
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667 | (1) |
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Particle Size Distributions |
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668 | (5) |
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Concentration Distributions |
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673 | (2) |
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Summarizing Data with a Few Parameters |
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675 | (4) |
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Summarizing Size Distributions Graphically |
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679 | (3) |
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Confidence Intervals and Error Analysis |
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682 | (2) |
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Testing Hypotheses with Size Distribution Data |
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684 | (5) |
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689 | (1) |
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Choosing Size Interval Demarcations |
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690 | (1) |
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690 | (13) |
III APPLICATIONS |
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703 | (362) |
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Nonspherical Particle Measurements: Shape Factors, Fractals, and Fibers |
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705 | (46) |
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705 | (1) |
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705 | (2) |
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707 | (18) |
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725 | (26) |
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Biological Particle Sampling |
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751 | (28) |
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751 | (1) |
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752 | (4) |
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756 | (1) |
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General Sampling Considerations |
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757 | (3) |
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Principles of Bioaerosol Collection |
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760 | (4) |
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764 | (5) |
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769 | (2) |
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771 | (1) |
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771 | (1) |
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772 | (7) |
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Aerosol Measurement in the Workplace |
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779 | (22) |
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779 | (1) |
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Aerosol Exposure Measurement in the Workplace |
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780 | (4) |
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Sampling Against Exposure Conventions |
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784 | (7) |
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Measurement of Size Distribution |
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791 | (1) |
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Use of Direct-Reading Instruments |
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792 | (2) |
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794 | (7) |
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801 | (20) |
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801 | (1) |
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802 | (1) |
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Physical Characteristics of Mine Aerosol |
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803 | (3) |
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806 | (15) |
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821 | (24) |
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821 | (1) |
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Sampling System Components |
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822 | (11) |
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833 | (5) |
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Selecting a Sampling System |
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838 | (1) |
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839 | (6) |
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845 | (14) |
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845 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Dust Emissions |
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845 | (3) |
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Emission Calculation Procedure |
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848 | (2) |
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Emission Quantification Techniques |
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850 | (4) |
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854 | (1) |
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855 | (4) |
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Indoor Aerosols and Exposure Assessment |
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859 | (28) |
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859 | (1) |
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Concentrations Versus Exposures |
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860 | (2) |
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862 | (4) |
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Sampling and Analysis Methods |
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866 | (6) |
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872 | (4) |
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876 | (3) |
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879 | (8) |
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Measurement of Aerosol from Aircraft |
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887 | (16) |
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887 | (1) |
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Research Utilizing Aerosol Measurement from Aircraft |
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887 | (1) |
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Objectives to be Achieved in Airborne Aerosol Sampling and Measurement |
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888 | (1) |
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Airborne Aerosol Measurement Techniques |
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889 | (2) |
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Effects Complicating Aerosol Sampling from Aircraft |
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891 | (3) |
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894 | (4) |
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898 | (5) |
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Measurement of High-Concentration and High-Temperature Aerosols |
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903 | (26) |
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903 | (1) |
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904 | (7) |
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EPA Stack Sampling Methods |
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911 | (1) |
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High-Temperature Impactors |
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912 | (1) |
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913 | (10) |
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Characterization of Combustion Aerosols |
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923 | (6) |
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Manufacturing of Materials by Aerosol Processes |
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929 | (30) |
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929 | (2) |
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931 | (8) |
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939 | (20) |
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Aerosol Measurements in Cleanrooms |
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959 | (20) |
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959 | (3) |
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International Standards for Classifying, Verifying, and Monitoring Cleanrooms: ISO 14644-1 and -2 |
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962 | (9) |
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Commercially Available Aerosol Particle Counters for Cleanroom Classification and Monitoring |
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971 | (3) |
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Measuring Particulate Emissions from Cleanroom Equipment |
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974 | (3) |
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977 | (2) |
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979 | (32) |
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979 | (1) |
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Radiation and Radioactive Decay |
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980 | (3) |
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983 | (2) |
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Safe Handling of Radioactive Aerosols |
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985 | (3) |
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Objectives for Measuring Radioactive Aerosols |
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988 | (3) |
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Application of Standard Measuring Techniques |
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991 | (5) |
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Special Techniques for Radioactive Aerosols |
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996 | (7) |
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Practical Options for Data Transmission and Networking |
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1003 | (1) |
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Adequacy of the Existing Aerosol Science Data Base |
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1003 | (1) |
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1004 | (7) |
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Radon and Its Short-Lived Decay Product Aerosols |
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1011 | (20) |
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1011 | (1) |
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1011 | (3) |
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Radiometric Properties of Radon and Daughters |
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1014 | (2) |
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Aerosol Properties of Radon and Daughters |
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1016 | (1) |
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Human Exposure Parameters |
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1017 | (2) |
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Air Sampling for Radon and Its Short-Lived Decay Products |
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1019 | (7) |
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1026 | (1) |
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Protocols for Indoor Measurement |
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1027 | (1) |
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1027 | (4) |
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Measurement of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Aerosols |
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1031 | (22) |
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1031 | (2) |
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Pharmaceutical Aerosols by Route of Administration |
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1033 | (6) |
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1039 | (2) |
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Characterization of Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Aerosols |
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1041 | (9) |
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Current Issues in Pharmaceutical and Diagnostic Aerosol Measurement |
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1050 | (1) |
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1050 | (3) |
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Inhalation Toxicology: Sampling Strategies Related to Control of Exposure Atmospheres |
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1053 | (12) |
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1053 | (1) |
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Basic Atmosphere Generation and Control Systems |
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1054 | (2) |
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Properties of Exposure Systems |
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1056 | (1) |
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Basic Sampling Techniques and Strategies |
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1057 | (4) |
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1061 | (4) |
Appendix A Glossary of Terms |
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1065 | (14) |
Appendix B Conversion Factors |
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1079 | (2) |
Appendix C Commonly Used Constants |
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1081 | (2) |
Appendix D Some Properties of Air and Water |
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1083 | (2) |
Appendix E Major Dimensionless Numbers |
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1085 | (2) |
Appendix F Properties of Particles |
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1087 | (2) |
Appendix G Geometric Formulas |
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1089 | (2) |
Appendix H Bulk Densities of Some Common Aerosol Materials |
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1091 | (2) |
Appendix I Manufacturers and Suppliers |
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1093 | (18) |
Index |
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1111 | |