Air Pollution Control Engineering,9781588291615

Air Pollution Control Engineering

by ; ; ;
ISBN13: 9781588291615
ISBN10: 1588291618
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2004-07-30
Publisher(s): Humana Pr Inc
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Summary

A panel of respected air pollution control educators and practicing professionals critically survey the both principles and practices underlying control processes, and illustrate these with a host of detailed design examples for practicing engineers. The authors discuss the performance, potential, and limitations of the major control processes-including fabric filtration, cyclones, electrostatic precipitation, wet and dry scrubbing, and condensation-as a basis for intelligent planning of abatement systems,. Additional chapters critically examine flare processes, thermal oxidation, catalytic oxidation, gas-phase activated carbon adsorption, and gas-phase biofiltration. The contributors detail the Best Available Technologies (BAT) for air pollution control and provide cost data, examples, theoretical explanations, and engineering methods for the design, installation, and operation of air pollution process equipment. Methods of practical design calculation are illustrated by numerous numerical calculations.

Table of Contents

Preface v
Contributors xi
1 Air Quality and Pollution Control
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li
1(58)
1. Introduction
1(2)
2. Characteristics of Air Pollutants
3(3)
3. Standards
6(4)
3.1. Ambient Air Quality Standards
6(2)
3.2. Emission Standards
8(2)
4. Sources
10(1)
5. Effects
10(3)
6. Measurements
13(15)
6.1. Ambient Sampling
14(3)
6.2. Source Sampling
17(1)
6.3. Sample Locations
18(1)
6.4. Gas Flow Rates
19(3)
6.5. Relative Humidity
22(2)
6.6. Sample Train
24(3)
6.7. Determination of Size Distribution
27(1)
7. Gas Stream Calculations
28(7)
7.1. General
28(1)
7.2. Emission Stream Flow Rate and Temperature Calculations
29(1)
7.3. Moisture Content, Dew Point Content, and Sulfur Trioxide Calculations
30(2)
7.4. Particulate Matter Loading
32(1)
7.5. Heat Content Calculations
33(1)
7.6. Dilution Air Calculations
33(2)
8. Gas Stream Conditioning
35(2)
8.1. General
35(1)
8.2. Mechanical Collectors
35(1)
8.3. Gas Coolers
36(1)
8.4. Gas Preheaters
36(1)
9. Air Quality Management
37(408)
9.1. Recent Focus
37(1)
9.2. Ozone
38(4)
9.3. Air Toxics
42(1)
9.4. Greenhouse Gases Reduction and Industrial Ecology Approach
43(2)
9.5. Environmental Laws
45(5)
10. Control
50(2)
11. Conclusions
52(1)
12. Examples
52(1)
12.1. Example 1
52(1)
12.2. Example 2
53(1)
Nomenclature
53(2)
References
55(4)
2 Fabric Filtration
Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen
59(1)
1. Introduction
59(1)
2. Principle and Theory
60(1)
3. Application
64(33)
3.1. General
64(1)
3.2. Gas Cleaning
64(2)
3.3. Efficiency
66(2)
4. Engineering Design
68(1)
4.1. Pretreatment of an Emission Stream
68(1)
4.2. Air-to-Cloth Ratio
68(3)
4.3. Fabric Cleaning Design
71(2)
4.4. Baghouse Configuration
73(1)
4.5. Construction Materials
73(1)
4.6. Design Range of Effectiveness
74(1)
5. Operation
74(1)
5.1. General Considerations
74(1)
5.2. Collection Efficiency
74(1)
5.3. System Pressure Drop
75(1)
5.4. Power Requirements
75(1)
5.5. Filter Bag Replacement
76(1)
6. Management
76(1)
6.1. Evaluation of Permit Application
76(1)
6.2. Economics
77(2)
6.3. New Technology Awareness
79(1)
7. Design Examples and Questions
80(12)
Nomenclature
92(1)
References
93(2)
Appendix 1: HAP Emission Stream Data Form
95(1)
Appendix 2: Metric Conversions
95(2)
3 Cyclones
José Renato Coury, Reinaldo Pisani Jr., and Yung-Tse Hung
97(1)
1. Introduction
97(1)
2. Cyclones for Industrial Applications
98(55)
2.1. General Description
98(3)
2.2. Correlations for Cyclone Efficiency
101(4)
2.3. Correlations for Cyclone Pressure Drop
105(1)
2.4. Other Relations of Interest
106(1)
2.5. Application Examples
107(11)
3. Costs of Cyclone and Auxiliary Equipment
118(1)
3.1. Cyclone Purchase Cost
118(1)
3.2. Fan Purchase Cost
119(1)
3.3. Ductwork Purchase Cost
120(1)
3.4. Stack Purchase Cost
120(1)
3.5. Damper Purchase Cost
121(1)
3.6. Calculation of Present and Future Costs
121(1)
3.7. Cost Estimation Examples
122(3)
4. Cyclones for Airborne Particulate Sampling
125(1)
4.1. Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere
125(2)
4.2. General Correlation for Four Commercial Cyclones
127(1)
4.3. A Semiempirical Approach
128(7)
4.4. The "Cyclone Family" Approach
135(1)
4.5. PM2 Samplers
136(4)
4.6. Examples
140(7)
Nomenclature
147(3)
References
150(3)
4 Electrostatic Precipitation
Chung-Shin J. Yuan and Thomas T. Shen
153(1)
1. Introduction
153(1)
2. Principles of Operation
154(43)
2.1. Corona Discharge
157(1)
2.2. Electrical Field Characteristics
158(4)
2.3. Particle Charging
162(3)
2.4. Particle Collection
165(6)
3. Design Methodology and Considerations
171(1)
3.1. Precipitator Size
173(1)
3.2. Particulate Resistivity
176(1)
3.3. Internal Configuration
179(1)
3.4. Electrode Systems
181(1)
3.5. Power Requirements
181(1)
3.6. Gas Flow Systems
184(1)
3.7. Precipitator Housing
184(1)
3.8. Flue Gas Conditioning
185(1)
3.9. Removal of Collected Particles
185(2)
3.10. Instrumentation
187(1)
4. Applications
187(1)
4.1. Electric Power Industry
187(1)
4.2. Pulp and Paper Industry
188(1)
4.3. Metallurgical Industry
188(1)
4.4. Cement Industry
188(1)
4.5. Chemical Industry
188(1)
4.6. Municipal Solid-Waste Incinerators
189(1)
4.7. Petroleum Industry
189(1)
4.8. Others
189(1)
5. Problems and Corrections
189(1)
5.1. Fundamental Problems
189(3)
5.2. Mechanical Problems
192(1)
5.3. Operational Problems
192(1)
5.4. Chemical Problems
192(1)
6. Expected Future Developments
193(1)
Nomenclature
193(2)
References
195(2)
5 Wet and Dry Scrubbing
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, James E. Eldridge, and Kathleen Hung Li
197(1)
1. Introduction
197(110)
1.1. General Process Descriptions
197(1)
1.2. Wet Scrubbing or Wet Absorption
198(1)
1.3. Dry Scrubbing or Dry Absorption
199(1)
2. Wet Scrubbers
199(1)
2.1. Wet Absorbents or Solvents
199(1)
2.2. Wet Scrubbing Systems
200(3)
2.3. Wet Scrubber Applications
203(1)
2.4. Packed Tower (Wet Scrubber) Design
204(11)
2.5. Venturi Wet Scrubber Design
215(7)
3. Dry Scrubbers
222(1)
3.1. Dry Absorbents
222(1)
3.2. Dry Scrubbing Systems
222(3)
3.3. Dry Scrubbing Applications
225(1)
3.4. Dry Scrubber Design
226(1)
4. Practical Examples
227(69)
Nomenclature
296(2)
References
298(4)
Appendix: Listing of Compounds Currently Considered Hazardous
302(5)
6 Condensation
Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen
307(1)
1. Introduction
307(22)
1.1. Process Description
307(1)
1.2. Types of Condensing Systems
308(1)
1.3. Range of Effectiveness
309(1)
2. Pretreatment, Posttreatment, and Engineering Considerations
309(1)
2.1. Pretreatment of Emission Stream
309(2)
2.2. Prevention of VOC Emission from Condensers
311(1)
2.3. Proper Maintenance
311(1)
2.4. Condenser System Design Variables
311(1)
3. Engineering Design
311(1)
3.1. General Design Information
311(1)
3.2. Estimating Condensation Temperature
312(1)
3.3. Condenser Heat Load
313(1)
3.4. Condenser Size
314(1)
3.5. Coolant Selection and Coolant Flow Rate
315(1)
3.6. Refrigeration Capacity
316(1)
3.7. Recovered Product
316(1)
4. Management
316(1)
4.1. Permit Review and Application
316(1)
4.2. Capital and Annual Costs of Condensers
316(4)
5. Environmental Applications
320(1)
6. Design Examples
321(5)
Nomenclature
326(1)
References
327(1)
Appendix: Average Specific Heats of Vapors
328(1)
7 Flare Process
Lawrence K. Wang, Clint Williford, and Wei-Yin Chen
329(1)
1. Introduction
329(1)
2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations
331(16)
2.1. Supplementary Fuel Requirements
331(1)
2.2. Flare Gas Flow Rate and Heat Content
331(2)
2.3. Flare Gas Exit Velocity and Destruction Efficiency
333(1)
2.4. Steam Requirements
334(1)
3. Engineering Design
334(1)
3.1. Design of the Flame Angle
334(1)
3.2. Design of Flare Height
334(1)
3.3. Power Requirements of a Fan
334(1)
4. Management
335(1)
4.1. Data Required for Permit Application
335(1)
4.2. Evaluation of Permit Application
335(1)
4.3. Cost Estimation
336(4)
5. Design Examples
340(3)
Nomenclature
343(1)
References
344(3)
8 Thermal Oxidation
Lawrence K. Wang, Wei Lin, and Yung-Tse Hung
347(1)
1. Introduction
347(22)
1.1. Process Description
347(2)
1.2. Range of Effectiveness
349(1)
1.3. Applicability to Remediation Technologies
349(2)
2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations
351(1)
2.1. Air Dilution
351(1)
2.2. Design Variables
352(3)
3. Supplementary Fuel Requirements
355(1)
4. Engineering Design and Operation
356(1)
4.1. Flue Gas Flow Rate
356(1)
4.2. Combustion Chamber Volume
356(1)
4.3. System Pressure Drop
356(1)
5. Management
357(1)
5.1. Evaluation of Permit Application
357(1)
5.2. Operations and Manpower Requirements
358(2)
5.3. Decision for Rebuilding, Purchasing New or Used Incinerators
360(1)
5.4. Environmental Liabilities
360(1)
6. Design Examples
360(5)
Nomenclature
365(1)
References
366(3)
9 Catalytic Oxidation
Lawrence K. Wang, Wei Lin, and Yung-Tse Hung
369(1)
1. Introduction
369(26)
1.1. Process Description
369(3)
1.2. Range of Effectiveness
372(3)
1.3. Applicability to Remediation Technologies
375(1)
2. Pretreatment and Engineering Considerations
375(1)
2.1. Air Dilution Requirements
375(1)
2.2. Design Variables
376(3)
3. Supplementary Fuel Requirements
379(3)
4. Engineering Design and Operation
382(1)
4.1. Flue Gas Flow Rates
382(1)
4.2. Catalyst Bed Requirement
382(1)
4.3. System Pressure Drop
383(1)
5. Management
384(1)
5.1. Evaluation of Permit Application
384(1)
5.2. Operation and Manpower Requirements
384(1)
5.3. Decision for Rebuilding, Purchasing New or Used Incinerators
385(1)
5.4. Environmental Liabilities abd Risk-Based Corrective Action
385(1)
6. Design Examples
386(6)
Nomenclature
392(1)
References
393(2)
10 Gas-Phase Activated Carbon Adsorption
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li
395(1)
1. Introduction and Definitions
395(26)
1.1. Adsorption
395(1)
1.2. Adsorbents
396(1)
1.3. Carbon Adsorption and Desorption
396(1)
2. Adsorption Theory
397(2)
3. Carbon Adsorption Pretreament
399(1)
3.1. Cooling
399(1)
3.2. Dehumidification
400(1)
3.3. High VOC Reduction
400(1)
4. Design and Operation
400(1)
4.1. Design Data Gathering
400(2)
4.2. Type of Carbon Adsorption Systems
402(1)
4.3. Design of Fixed Regenerative Bed Carbon Adsorption Systems
402(3)
4.4. Design of Canister Carbon Adsorption Systems
405(1)
4.5. Calculation of Pressure Drops
406(1)
4.6. Summary of Application
406(3)
4.7. Regeneration and Air Pollution Control of Carbon Adsorption System
409(1)
4.8. Granular Activated Carbon Versus Activated Carbon Fiber
410(1)
4.9. Carbon Suppliers, Equipment Suppliers, and Service Providers
411(1)
5. Design Examples
411(7)
Nomenclature
418(1)
References
419(2)
11 Gas-Phase Biofiltration
Gregory T. Kleinheinz and Phillip C. Wright
421(1)
1. Introduction
421(1)
2. Types of Biological Air Treatment System
422(23)
2.1. General Descriptions
422(2)
2.2. Novel or Emerging Designs
424(2)
3. Operational Considerations
426(1)
3.1. General Operational Considerations
426(2)
3.2. Biofilter Media
428(2)
3.3. Microbiological Considerations
430(1)
3.4. Chemical Considerations
431(2)
3.5. Comparison to Competing Technologies
433(1)
4. Design Considerations/Parameters
433(1)
4.1. Predesign
433(2)
4.2. Packing
435(1)
5. Case Studies
435(1)
5.1. High-Concentration 2-Propanol and Acetone
435(1)
5.2. General Odor Control at a Municipal Wastewater-Treatment Facility
436(4)
6. Process Control and Monitoring
440(1)
7. Limitations of the Technology
440(1)
8. Conclusions
441(2)
Nomenclature
443(1)
References
444(1)
12 Emerging Air Pollution Control Technologies
Lawrence K. Wang, Jerry R. Taricska, Yung-Tse Hung, and Kathleen Hung Li
445(50)
1. Introduction
445(1)
2. Process Modification
446(1)
3. Vehicle Air Pollution and Its Control
446(7)
3.1. Background
446(1)
3.2. Standards
447(1)
3.3. Sources of Loss
447(1)
3.4. Control Technologies and Alternate Power Plants
448(5)
4. Mechanical Particulate Collectors
453(13)
4.1. General
453(1)
4.2. Gravitational Collectors
454(1)
4.3. Other Methods
455(10)
4.4. Use of Chemicals
465(1)
4.5. Simultaneous Particle-Gas Removal Interactions
465(1)
5. Entrainment Separation
466(1)
6. Internal Combustion Engines
467(4)
6.1. Process Description
467(2)
6.2. Applications to Air Emission Control
469(2)
7. Membrane Process
471(4)
7.1. Process Description
471(3)
7.2. Application to Air Emission Control
474(1)
8. Ultraviolet Photolysis
475(2)
8.1. Process Description
475(1)
8.2. Application to Air Emission Control
476(1)
9. High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters
477(3)
9.1. Process Description
477(2)
9.2. Application to Air Emission Control
479(1)
10. Technical and Economical Feasibility of Selected Emerging Technologies for Air Pollution Control
480(1)
10.1. General Discussion
480(1)
10.2.Evaluation of ICEs, Membrane Process, UV Process, and High-Efficiency Particulate Air Filters
480(1)
10.3.Evaluation of Fuel-Cell-Powered Vehicles for Air Emission Reduction
481(8)
Nomenclature
489(2)
References
491(4)
Index 495

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