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Summary
Behavior Analysis and Learning is an essential textbook covering the basic principles in the field of behavior analysis and learned behaviors. Both active researchers, the authors are disciples of a coherent theory - experimental analysis of behavior - pioneered by B. F. Skinner. Using this theory as a base to explain human behavior, researchers must understand the interactions between an individual and his or her environment. Expanding on concepts of the past editions, this book: is an advanced introductory text on operant conditioning from a very consistent Skinnerian perspective; covers a range of principles from basic respondent conditioning through applied behavior analysis into cultural design; treats the topic from a consistent world view of selectionism; elaborates on Darwinian components and biological connections with behavior; and expands most chapters with revised references and additional citations. The material presented in this book provides the reader with the best available foundation inbehavior science. The discovery of functional relations between the organism and the environment constitute the objective foundation for this book. These functional relationships are described, and their application in accounting for old behavior and generating new behavior is illustrated. As such, this book is a valuable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in psychology or other behavior-based disciplines.
Author Biography
W. David Pierce is a Professor at the University of Alberta, Canada. His main research concerns a biobehavioral analysis of activity anorexia, taste regulation of overeating, and exercise-induced taste aversion Carl D. Cheney is Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. He teaches behavior analysis and physiological psychology and has published widely in the experimental analysis of behavior. His current research is focused on the management of diet selection with a variety of species
Table of Contents
| Foreword | p. xi |
| Preface | p. xiii |
| A Science of Behavior: Perspective, History, and Assumptions | p. 1 |
| Science and behavior | p. 2 |
| New directions: Behavior analysis and neuroscience | p. 5 |
| Focus on: B. F. Skinner | p. 9 |
| A brief history of behavior analysis | p. 11 |
| Science and behavior: Some assumptions | p. 18 |
| Chapter summary | p. 21 |
| The Experimental Analysis of Behavior | p. 23 |
| Functional analysis of behavior | p. 23 |
| Functional analysis of the environment | p. 25 |
| Tactics of behavioral research | p. 28 |
| Focus on: Operant baselines and behavioral neuroscience | p. 32 |
| Single-subject research | p. 33 |
| Focus on: Assessment of behavior change | p. 34 |
| Advanced section: Perceiving as behavior | p. 36 |
| Chapter summary | p. 39 |
| Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning | p. 41 |
| Phylogenetic behavior | p. 41 |
| Ontogenetic behavior | p. 46 |
| Temporal relations and conditioning | p. 51 |
| Second-order respondent conditioning | p. 53 |
| On the applied side: Drug use, abuse, and complexities of respondent conditioning | p. 53 |
| Note on: Physiology and the control of preparatory responses by conditioned stimuli | p. 54 |
| Advanced section: Complex conditioning | p. 56 |
| Aspects of complex conditioning | p. 56 |
| The Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning | p. 58 |
| Focus on: The Rescorla-Wagner equation | p. 59 |
| Chapter summary | p. 62 |
| Reinforcement and Extinction of Operant Behavior | p. 65 |
| Operant behavior | p. 65 |
| Focus on: Rewards and intrinsic motivation | p. 69 |
| Operant conditioning | p. 72 |
| Focus on: Behavioral neuroscience and operant conditioning of the neuron | p. 74 |
| Focus on: Reinforcement and problem solving | p. 81 |
| Extinction | p. 82 |
| Note on: Remembering and recalling | p. 87 |
| On the applied side: Extinction of temper tantrums | p. 89 |
| Chapter summary | p. 90 |
| Schedules of Reinforcement | p. 93 |
| Importance of schedules of reinforcement | p. 93 |
| C. B. Ferster: Schedules of reinforcement | p. 94 |
| Focus on: Science and behavior analysis | p. 96 |
| Comment on: Inner causes, schedules, and response patterns | p. 97 |
| Focus on: A system of notation | p. 99 |
| Schedules of positive reinforcement | p. 101 |
| Ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement | p. 103 |
| Focus on: Generality of schedule effects | p. 106 |
| Note on: VI schedules, reinforcement rate, and behavioral momentum | p. 109 |
| Schedule performance in transition | p. 110 |
| On the applied side: Schedules and cigarettes | p. 112 |
| Advanced section: Schedule performance | p. 114 |
| Chapter summary | p. 119 |
| Aversive Control of Behavior | p. 121 |
| Contingencies of punishment | p. 122 |
| Quick tip: Procedures to reduce rate of response | p. 122 |
| Focus on: Use of punishment in treatment | p. 126 |
| Contingencies of negative reinforcement | p. 129 |
| Focus on: An analysis of avoidance behavior | p. 134 |
| Side effects of aversive procedures | p. 135 |
| Focus on: Social defeat, aversion to social contact, and behavioral neuroscience | p. 139 |
| On the applied side: Coercion and its fallout | p. 144 |
| Note on: The definition of coercion | p. 145 |
| Chapter summary | p. 146 |
| Operant-Respondent Interrelationships and the Biological Context of Conditioning | p. 149 |
| Analysis of operant-respondent contingencies | p. 150 |
| Note on: Operants and respondents | p. 157 |
| The biological context of conditioning | p. 158 |
| Focus on: Behavioral neuroscience, taste aversion, and urges for addictive behavior | p. 160 |
| On the applied side: Activity anorexia and interrelations between eating and physical activity | p. 164 |
| Advanced section: The nature of autoshaped responses | p. 167 |
| Chapter summary | p. 169 |
| Stimulus Control | p. 171 |
| Differential reinforcement and discrimination | p. 172 |
| Focus on: Stimulus control, neuroscience, and what birds see | p. 173 |
| Stimulus control and multiple schedules | p. 173 |
| Focus on: Discrimination and the "bird-brained" pigeon | p. 175 |
| Focus on: Determinants of behavioral contrast | p. 178 |
| Generalization | p. 179 |
| Errorless discrimination and fading | p. 182 |
| Complex stimulus control | p. 185 |
| Focus on: Concept formation by pigeons | p. 188 |
| On the applied side: The pigeon as a quality control inspector | p. 190 |
| Chapter summary | p. 191 |
| Choice and Preference | p. 193 |
| Experimental analysis of choice and preference | p. 193 |
| The matching law | p. 198 |
| Choice, foraging, and behavioral economics | p. 204 |
| Focus on: Activity anorexia and substitutability of food and wheel running | p. 206 |
| Matching and single-operant schedules of reinforcement | p. 208 |
| On the applied side: Application of the quantitative law of effect | p. 210 |
| Advanced section: Quantification of choice and generalized matching | p. 212 |
| Focus on behavioral neuroscience, matching, and sensitivity | p. 218 |
| Chapter summary | p. 219 |
| Conditioned Reinforcement | p. 221 |
| Note on: Clicker training | p. 222 |
| Chain schedules and conditioned reinforcement | p. 222 |
| Focus on: Backward chaining | p. 224 |
| Determinants of conditioned reinforcement | p. 225 |
| Focus on: Behavioral neuroscience and conditioned reinforcement | p. 227 |
| Delay reduction and conditioned reinforcement | p. 230 |
| Generalized conditioned reinforcement | p. 232 |
| On the applied side: The token economy | p. 236 |
| Advanced section: Quantification and delay reduction | p. 237 |
| Chapter summary | p. 239 |
| Correspondence Relations: Imitation and Rule-Governed Behavior | p. 241 |
| Correspondence and observational learning | p. 243 |
| Focus on: Behavioral neuroscience, mirror neurons, and imitation | p. 249 |
| On the applied side: Training generalized imitation | p. 253 |
| Focus on: Rules, observational learning, and self-efficacy | p. 257 |
| Rule-governed behavior | p. 257 |
| Focus on: Instructions and contingencies | p. 261 |
| Focus on: Following rules and joint control | p. 264 |
| Chapter summary | p. 265 |
| Verbal Behavior | p. 267 |
| Language and verbal behavior | p. 267 |
| Focus on: Speaking and evolution of the vocal tract | p. 268 |
| Verbal behavior: Some basic distinctions | p. 269 |
| Operant functions of verbal behavior | p. 271 |
| Research on verbal behavior | p. 273 |
| Additional verbal relations: Intraverbals, echoics, and textuals | p. 276 |
| Analysis of complex behavior in the laboratory | p. 278 |
| Focus on: Reports of private events by pigeons | p. 281 |
| Symbolic behavior and stimulus equivalence | p. 283 |
| Focus on: Behavioral neuroscience and derived conceptual relations | p. 287 |
| On the applied side: Three-term contingencies and natural speech | p. 289 |
| Advanced section: A formal analysis of manding and tacting | p. 290 |
| Chapter summary | p. 292 |
| Applied Behavior Analysis | p. 295 |
| Characteristics of applied behavior analysis | p. 296 |
| Research in applied behavior analysis | p. 300 |
| Focus on: Personalized system of instruction and precision teaching | p. 305 |
| Applications of behavior principles | p. 310 |
| Focus on: Autism, mirror neurons, and applied behavior analysis | p. 312 |
| The causes and prevention of behavior problems | p. 314 |
| Focus on: Conditioned overeating and childhood obesity | p. 316 |
| On the applied side: MammaCare-detection and prevention of breast cancer | p. 318 |
| Chapter summary | p. 320 |
| Three Levels of Selection: Biology, Behavior, and Culture | p. 323 |
| Evolution and natural selection | p. 323 |
| Focus on: Genetic control of a fixed action pattern | p. 326 |
| Selection by reinforcement | p. 329 |
| The selection and evolution of culture | p. 335 |
| Focus on: Metacontingencies | p. 336 |
| Chapter summary | p. 338 |
| Glossary | p. 339 |
| References | p. 369 |
| Author index | p. 407 |
| Subject index | p. 419 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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