| Preface |
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iii | |
| Contributors |
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xi | |
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Part I: Historical Background and Overview |
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Historical Background: Development of Ideas and Knowledge about Stroke and Brain Embolism |
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1 | (24) |
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Early Writers---Description of Apoplexy and Interest in Anatomy |
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1 | (2) |
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The 18th Century: Morgagni---The Beginning of Modern Pathology |
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3 | (1) |
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The First Half of the 19th Century---Recognition of Brain Infarction and a Relationship with Heart Disease |
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4 | (3) |
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The Second Half of the 19th Century---Cardiac Embolism Becomes an Established Clinical Entity |
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7 | (1) |
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The First Half of the 20th Century---An Emphasis on Vascular Anatomy |
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8 | (5) |
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Data Banks and Stroke Registries |
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13 | (4) |
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New Technology and Further Studies Clarify More Potential Donor Sources of Emboli |
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17 | (1) |
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Brain and Vascular Investigations Bring Embolism to the Forefront as the Major Cause of Brain Infarction |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (6) |
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Overview: The Major Components of Brain Embolism |
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25 | (6) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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Part II: Recipient Arteries and Brain Ischemia |
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Recipient Artery: Anatomy and Pathology |
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31 | (30) |
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Examining Recipient Arteries to Separate Embolism and Thrombosis |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (3) |
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Location, Types, and Size of Embolic Brain Infarcts |
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36 | (22) |
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58 | (3) |
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Recipient Artery: Clinical Symptoms and Signs of Brain Ischemia |
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61 | (20) |
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General Clinical Features and Diagnosis |
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61 | (6) |
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Anterior Carotid Artery Circulation Embolism |
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67 | (3) |
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Posterior Circulation Vertebro-Basilar Arteries Embolism |
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70 | (7) |
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77 | (4) |
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The Eye as the Recipient Artery |
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81 | (12) |
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Anatomy of the Arteries that Supply the Eye |
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81 | (2) |
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Clinical Symptoms and Signs of Eye Ischemia |
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83 | (4) |
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Methods of Investigating the Eye as a Recipient Site of Embolism |
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87 | (1) |
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Differential Diagnosis of Retinal Embolism |
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88 | (1) |
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Usual Sources of Retinal Embolism |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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Imaging Evaluation: Recipient Artery Sites |
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93 | (20) |
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93 | (4) |
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Intracranial Vascular Imaging |
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97 | (4) |
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Magnetic Resonance Perfusion Imaging and Complete Magnetic Resonance Protocols |
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101 | (3) |
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Computed Tomography Perfusion and Complete Computed Tomography Protocols |
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104 | (2) |
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Other Techniques for Studying Perfusion |
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106 | (3) |
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109 | (4) |
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Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound |
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113 | (16) |
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113 | (1) |
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TCD Diagnosis of Arterial Occlusions |
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114 | (3) |
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TCD Monitoring During Thrombolysis |
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117 | (4) |
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Detection of Intracranial Artery Stenosis and Artery-to-Artery Embolism |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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Detection of Right-to-Left Shunts |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (5) |
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Part III: Donor Sources---Nature, Frequency, Recognition |
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Cardiac Sources of Embolism: The Usual Suspects |
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129 | (32) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (5) |
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137 | (2) |
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Noninfective Fibrous and Fibrinous Endocardial Lesions (Including Valve Strands) |
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139 | (5) |
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Myocardial and Cardiac Chamber Lesions |
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144 | (3) |
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Cardiac Myxomas and Other Tumors |
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147 | (1) |
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Paradoxical Embolism and Cardiac Septal Lesions |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (10) |
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Cardiac Source of Embolism: Pathophysiology and Identification |
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161 | (26) |
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161 | (1) |
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Left Atrial Anatomy and Imaging |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Mitral Annular Calcification |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Left Atrial Spontaneous Echo Contrast |
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175 | (1) |
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Abnormalities of the Interatrial Septum |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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Summary and Recommendations |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (7) |
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The Aorta as a Donor Source of Brain Embolism |
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187 | (16) |
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Early Pathology-Based Reports of Embolism from the Aorta |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (4) |
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Heart Surgery and Aortic Atherosclerosis |
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191 | (3) |
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Encephalopathy, Cognitive, and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities After Heart Surgery |
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194 | (2) |
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Imaging of the Proximal Aorta |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (5) |
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Arterial Sources of Embolism |
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203 | (20) |
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Diseases, Pathology, and Pathophysiology |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (3) |
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Arterial Aneurysms and Dolichoectatic Arteries |
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208 | (1) |
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Distribution of Arterial Lesions |
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209 | (4) |
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Relation of Symptoms to Severity of Atherosclerotic Arterial Stenosis |
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213 | (3) |
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Imaging and Laboratory Evaluation of Potential Donor Sources of Embolism |
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216 | (3) |
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219 | (4) |
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Ultrasound of Cervical Arteries |
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223 | (20) |
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Intima--Media Thickness: The Initial Stage of Arterial Disease |
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223 | (3) |
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Plaque Development: The Intermediate Stage of Arterial Disease |
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226 | (8) |
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Plaque Development: The Final Stage |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (7) |
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Vascular Hemostasis and Brain Embolism |
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243 | (16) |
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Thrombosis and the Pathophysiology of Brain Ischemia |
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244 | (1) |
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Cerebrovascular Thrombosis |
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245 | (2) |
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Hemorrhagic Transformation |
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247 | (1) |
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Stroke and Consumptive Coagulopathy |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Endogenous Protective Mechanisms |
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250 | (1) |
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Cerebrovascular Reservoir |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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Microvessel-Associated Protection |
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250 | (1) |
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Endogenous Thrombus Lysis |
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251 | (1) |
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Vascular Matrix Degradation |
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251 | (1) |
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Modulation of Thrombin Activity |
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252 | (1) |
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Microvessel Integrity, Hemostasis, and Selective Neuron Vulnerability |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (5) |
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Part V: Embolic Materials |
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259 | (18) |
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Cardiac-Origin Substances |
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259 | (5) |
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264 | (1) |
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Substances that Originate from Outside the Cardiovascular Systems |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (4) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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271 | (6) |
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Treatment of the Acute Embolic Event |
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277 | (12) |
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277 | (5) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Managing Brain Edema and Mass Effect |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (5) |
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Cardiac Source of Embolism: Treatment |
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289 | (30) |
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289 | (1) |
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New Onset Atrial Fibrillation |
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289 | (8) |
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Recurrent or Persistent Atrial Fibrillation |
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297 | (1) |
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Atrial Fibrillation Risk Profile |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (9) |
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Abnormalities of the Interatrial Septum |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (8) |
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Treatment of Aortic and Arterial Sources |
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319 | (16) |
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Treatment of Aortic Atheromatosis |
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319 | (1) |
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Treatment of Arterial Source Emboli |
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320 | (3) |
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Substances that Alter Fibrinogen Concentrations |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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Surgical and Interventional Treatments |
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326 | (2) |
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328 | (7) |
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A Look Towards the Future |
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335 | (6) |
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335 | (3) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (1) |
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Personnel and Systems of Care |
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340 | (1) |
| Index |
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341 | |
Other versions by this Author