Chemistry : An Illustrated Guide to Science

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2006-08-30
Publisher(s): Facts on File
List Price: $49.50

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Summary

Chemistry: An Illustrated Guide to Science is one of eight volumes in the new Science Visual Resources set. Containing eight sections, a comprehensive glossary, a Web site guide, and an index, Chemistry is an ideal learning tool for students and teachers of science. Full-color diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps on every page illustrate the essential elements of the subject, while parallel text provides key definitions and step-by-step explanations. The eight sections include: *"Atomic Structures"--provides an overview of the very basic structure of physical matter. It looks at the origins of the elements and explains the nature of atoms and molecules. *"Elements and Compounds"--examines the characteristics of the elements and their compounds in detail. There are tables giving the boiling points, ionization energies, melting points, atomic volumes, atomic numbers, and atomic masses of all the known elements. There are also descriptions of crystal structures and covalent bonding. *"Radioactivity"--is concerned with the phenomenon of ionizing radiation. It gives detailed accounts of nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, and radioactive decay, as well as describes the properties of radiation. There are tables describing all known isotopes, both radioactive and non-radioactive. *"The Chemistry of Carbon"--details the chemical reactions involving carbon that are vital to modern industry from the distillation of crude oil to the synthesis of polymers and the manufacture of soaps and detergents. This section also includes an overview of the chemistry of life. *"Changes in Matter"--is an overview of some basic chemical processes and methods. It looks at mixtures and solutions, solubility, gas chromatography, and the pH scale. *"Patterns in Non-metals"--focuses on the properties of this distinct group of elements. This section also includes descriptions of the industrial processes used when isolating important elements of this type. *"Patterns in Metals"--focuses on the properties of this distinct group of elements. This section also includes descriptions of the industrial processes used when isolating important elements of this type. *"Chemical Reactions"--looks at the essential factors that influence reactions. It includes information on the effects of concentration and temperature, proton transfer, electrolysis, redox reactions, and catalysts.

Table of Contents

Atomic Structure
Formation of stars
Fate of stars
The solar system
Planet composition
Planetary density, size, and atmosphere
Atomic structure
Geiger and Marsden's apparatus
Investigating the electron 1
Investigating the electron 2
Cathode ray oscilloscope
Measuring the charge on the electron
Size and motion of molecules
Determination of Avogadro's constant
The mole
Atomic emission spectrum: hydrogen
Energy levels: hydrogen atom
Luminescence
Elements and Compounds
Organizing the elements
The periodic table
First ionization energies of the elements
Variation of first ionization energy
Melting points of the elements °C
Variation of melting points
Boiling points of the elements °C
Variation of boiling points
Atomic volumes of the elements
Variation of atomic volumes
Atomic mass
Periodic table with masses and numbers
Calculating the molecular mass of compounds
Structure of some ionic crystals
Crystal structure of metals: lattice structure
Crystal structure of metals: efficient packing
Chemical combination: ionic bonding
Chemical combination: ionic radicals
Chemical combination: covalent bonding
Chemical combination: coordinate bonding
Changes in Matter
Mixtures and solutions
Colloids
Simple and fractional distillation
Separating solutions
Paper chromatography
Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
The pH scale
Indicators
Titration of strong acids
Titration of weak acids
pH and soil
The water cycle
Treatment of water and sewage
The water molecule
Water as a solvent of ionic salts
Ionic solutions
Solubility
Solubility curves
Solubility of copper (II) sulfate
Patterns---Non-Metals
Hydrogen: preparation
Hydrogen: comparative density
Hydrogen: reaction with other gases
Hydrogen: anomalies in ammonia and water
Basic reactions of hydrogen
The gases in air
Nitrogen
Other methods of preparing nitrogen
The nitrogen cycle
Preparation and properties of ammonia
Industrial preparation of ammonia (the Haber process): theory
Industrial preparation of ammonia (the Haber process): schematic
Industrial preparation of nitric acid
Nitrogen: reactions in ammonia and nitric acid
Basic reactions of nitrogen
Nitrate fertilizers
Oxygen and sulfur
Extraction of sulfur---the Frasch process
Oxygen and sulfur: allotropes
Oxygen and sulfur: compound formation
The oxides of sulfur
Industrial preparation of sulfuric acid (the contact process): theory
Industrial preparation of sulfuric acid (the contact process): schematic
Affinity of concentrated sulfuric acid for water
Oxygen and sulfur: oxidation and reduction
Basic reactions of oxygen
Basic reactions of sulfur
The halogens: group 7
Laboratory preparation of the halogens
Compounds of chlorine
Hydrogen chloride in solution
Acid/base chemistry of the halogens
Redox reactions of the halogens
Reactivity of the halogens
Patterns---Metals
World distribution of metals
Main ores of metals
The group 1 metals
The group 1 metals: sodium
The group 2 metals
The group 2 metals: general reactions
The transition metals: electron structure
The transition metals: ionization energies and physical properties
Aluminum
Iron: smelting
The manufacture of steel
Rusting
Copper smelting and converting
Reactions of copper
Reaction summary: aluminum, iron, and copper
The extraction of metals from their ores
Reactivity summary: metals
Tests on metals: flame test
Tests on metals: metal hydroxides
Tests on metals: metal ions
Uses of metals
Chemical Reactions
Reactivity of metals 1
Reactivity of metals 2
Electrolysis
Electrolysis: electrode activity and concentration
Acids: reactions
Preparation of acids
Bases: reactions
Bases: forming pure salts
Proton transfer: neutralization of alkalis
Proton transfer: neutralization of bases
Proton transfer: metallic carbonates
Proton transfer: neutralization of acids
Collision theory
Rates of reaction: surface area and mixing
Rates of reaction: temperature and concentration
Rates of reaction: concentration over time
Rate of reaction vs. concentration
Variation of reaction rate
Rates of reaction: effect of temperature 1
Rates of reaction: effect of temperature 2
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Average bond dissociation energies
Catalysts: characteristics
Catalysts: transition metals
Oxidation and reduction
Redox reactions 1
Redox reactions 2
Demonstrating redox reactions
Assigning oxidation state
Chemistry of Carbon
The allotropes of carbon: diamond and graphite
The allotropes of carbon: fullerenes
The carbon cycle
Laboratory preparation of carbon oxides
The fractional distillation of crude oil
Other refining processes
Carbon chains
Naming hydrocarbons
Table of the first six alkanes
Table of the first five alkenes
Ethene
Polymers
Polymers: formation
Polymers: table of properties and structure
Functional groups and homologous series
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids
Esters
Soaps and detergents
Organic compounds: states
Functional groups and properties
Reaction summary: alkanes and alkenes
Reaction summary: alcohols and acids
Optical isomerism
Amino acids and proteins
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides and polysaccharides
Radioactivity
Ionizing radiation
Radiation detectors
Properties of radiations: penetration and range
Properties of radiations: in fields
Stable and unstable isotopes
Half-life
Measuring half-life
Radioactive isotopes
Nuclear fusion
Nuclear fission
Nuclear reactor
The uranium series
The actinium series
The thorium series
The neptunium series
Radioactivity of decay sequences
Table of naturally occurring isotopes 1
Table of naturally occurring isotopes 2
Table of naturally occurring isotopes 3
Table of naturally occurring isotopes 4
Table of naturally occurring isotopes 5
Table of naturally occurring isotopes 6
Table of naturally occurring isotopes 7
APPENDIXES
Key words
198(7)
Internet resources
205(2)
Index
207

Excerpts

Chemistry: An Illustrated Guide to Science is one of eight volumes in the Science Visual Resources set. Containing eight sections, a comprehensive glossary, a Web site guide, and an index, Chemistry is an ideal learning tool for students and teachers of science. Full-color diagrams, graphs, charts, and maps on every page illustrate the essential elements of the subject, while parallel text provides key definitions and step-by-step explanations.
The eight sections include:
Atomic Structures—provides an overview of the very basic structure of physical matter. It looks at the origins of the elements and explains the nature of atoms and molecules.
Elements and Compounds—examines the characteristics of the elements and their compounds in detail. There are tables giving the boiling points, ionization energies, melting points, atomic volumes, atomic numbers, and atomic masses of all the known elements. There are also descriptions of crystal structures and covalent bonding.
Radioactivity—is concerned with the phenomenon of ionizing radiation. It gives detailed accounts of nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, and radioactive decay, as well as describes the properties of radiation. There are tables describing all known isotopes, both radioactive and non-radioactive.
The Chemistry of Carbon—details the chemical reactions involving carbon that are vital to modern industry from the distillation of crude oil to the synthesis of polymers and the manufacture of soaps and detergents. This section also includes an overview of the chemistry of life.
Changes in Matter—is an overview of some basic chemical processes and methods. It looks at mixtures and solutions, solubility, gas chromatography, and the pH scale.
Patterns in Non-metals—focuses on the properties of this distinct group of elements. This section also includes descriptions of the industrial processes used when isolating important elements of this type.
Patterns in Metals—focuses on the properties of this distinct group of elements. This section also includes descriptions of the industrial processes used when isolating important elements of this type.
Chemical Reactions—looks at the essential factors that influence reactions. It includes information on the effects of concentration and temperature, proton transfer, electrolysis, redox reactions, and catalysts.

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