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Planetary density, size, and atmosphere |
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Geiger and Marsden's apparatus |
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Investigating the electron 1 |
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Investigating the electron 2 |
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Measuring the charge on the electron |
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Size and motion of molecules |
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Determination of Avogadro's constant |
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Atomic emission spectrum: hydrogen |
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Energy levels: hydrogen atom |
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First ionization energies of the elements |
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Variation of first ionization energy |
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Melting points of the elements °C |
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Variation of melting points |
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Boiling points of the elements °C |
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Variation of boiling points |
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Atomic volumes of the elements |
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Variation of atomic volumes |
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Periodic table with masses and numbers |
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Calculating the molecular mass of compounds |
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Structure of some ionic crystals |
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Crystal structure of metals: lattice structure |
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Crystal structure of metals: efficient packing |
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Chemical combination: ionic bonding |
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Chemical combination: ionic radicals |
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Chemical combination: covalent bonding |
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Chemical combination: coordinate bonding |
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Simple and fractional distillation |
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Gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry |
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Titration of strong acids |
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Treatment of water and sewage |
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Water as a solvent of ionic salts |
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Solubility of copper (II) sulfate |
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Hydrogen: comparative density |
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Hydrogen: reaction with other gases |
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Hydrogen: anomalies in ammonia and water |
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Basic reactions of hydrogen |
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Other methods of preparing nitrogen |
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Preparation and properties of ammonia |
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Industrial preparation of ammonia (the Haber process): theory |
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Industrial preparation of ammonia (the Haber process): schematic |
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Industrial preparation of nitric acid |
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Nitrogen: reactions in ammonia and nitric acid |
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Basic reactions of nitrogen |
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Extraction of sulfur---the Frasch process |
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Oxygen and sulfur: allotropes |
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Oxygen and sulfur: compound formation |
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Industrial preparation of sulfuric acid (the contact process): theory |
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Industrial preparation of sulfuric acid (the contact process): schematic |
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Affinity of concentrated sulfuric acid for water |
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Oxygen and sulfur: oxidation and reduction |
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Basic reactions of oxygen |
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Basic reactions of sulfur |
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Laboratory preparation of the halogens |
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Hydrogen chloride in solution |
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Acid/base chemistry of the halogens |
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Redox reactions of the halogens |
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Reactivity of the halogens |
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World distribution of metals |
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The group 1 metals: sodium |
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The group 2 metals: general reactions |
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The transition metals: electron structure |
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The transition metals: ionization energies and physical properties |
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Copper smelting and converting |
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Reaction summary: aluminum, iron, and copper |
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The extraction of metals from their ores |
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Reactivity summary: metals |
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Tests on metals: flame test |
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Tests on metals: metal hydroxides |
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Tests on metals: metal ions |
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Electrolysis: electrode activity and concentration |
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Bases: forming pure salts |
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Proton transfer: neutralization of alkalis |
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Proton transfer: neutralization of bases |
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Proton transfer: metallic carbonates |
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Proton transfer: neutralization of acids |
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Rates of reaction: surface area and mixing |
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Rates of reaction: temperature and concentration |
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Rates of reaction: concentration over time |
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Rate of reaction vs. concentration |
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Variation of reaction rate |
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Rates of reaction: effect of temperature 1 |
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Rates of reaction: effect of temperature 2 |
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Exothermic and endothermic reactions |
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Average bond dissociation energies |
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Catalysts: characteristics |
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Catalysts: transition metals |
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Demonstrating redox reactions |
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Assigning oxidation state |
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The allotropes of carbon: diamond and graphite |
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The allotropes of carbon: fullerenes |
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Laboratory preparation of carbon oxides |
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The fractional distillation of crude oil |
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Table of the first six alkanes |
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Table of the first five alkenes |
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Polymers: table of properties and structure |
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Functional groups and homologous series |
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Organic compounds: states |
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Functional groups and properties |
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Reaction summary: alkanes and alkenes |
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Reaction summary: alcohols and acids |
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Disaccharides and polysaccharides |
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Properties of radiations: penetration and range |
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Properties of radiations: in fields |
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Stable and unstable isotopes |
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Radioactivity of decay sequences |
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Table of naturally occurring isotopes 1 |
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Table of naturally occurring isotopes 2 |
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Table of naturally occurring isotopes 3 |
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Table of naturally occurring isotopes 4 |
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Table of naturally occurring isotopes 5 |
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Table of naturally occurring isotopes 6 |
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Table of naturally occurring isotopes 7 |
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198 | (7) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | |