Child Maltreatment : An Introduction,9781412926683

Child Maltreatment : An Introduction

by
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9781412926683
ISBN10: 1412926688
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2006-09-07
Publisher(s): SAGE Publications, Inc
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Summary

Thoroughly updated and expanded, the Second Edition of Child Maltreatment: An Introduction disseminates current knowledge about the various types of violence against children. Uniquely offering both a psychological and sociological focus, this core text helps students understand more fully the etiology, prevalence, treatment, policy issues, and prevention of child maltreatment.

Table of Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
History and Definitions of Child Maltreatment
1(32)
Children as Victims
7(2)
Child Maltreatment Within Families
9(1)
How Social Conditions Become Social Problems
10(2)
Discovering Child Maltreatment: The Historical Context
12(4)
Discovering Childhood
12(1)
Discovering Child Maltreatment
13(3)
Defining Child Maltreatment: Understanding the Social Construction-of-Deviance Definitions
16(7)
Parent-Child Violence: Four Conceptualizations
18(2)
Legitimate Versus Illegitimate Acts
20(3)
Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues
23(5)
Family Support and Training Programs
26(1)
School-Based Programs
26(1)
Community Awareness Campaigns
26(1)
Justice and Protection
27(1)
Treating Offenders and Victims
28(1)
Coordinated Community Responses
28(1)
Summary
28(1)
Goals of the Book
29(1)
Discussion Questions
30(1)
Notes
31(1)
Recommended Resources
31(2)
The Study of Child Maltreatment: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
33(36)
Determining the Extent of Child Maltreatment
35(12)
Official Estimates
38(1)
National Incidence Study (NIS)
38(5)
National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS)
43(1)
Self-Report Surveys
43(1)
Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS)
44(3)
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
47(1)
Section Summary
47(1)
Explaining Child Maltreatment
47(13)
Cultural and Social Structural Antecedents
48(1)
The Cultural Context
48(1)
Structural Characteristics of the Family
49(1)
Low Costs of Child Maltreatment
50(1)
Etiological Theory: Trying to Understand Abusive Behavior
51(1)
Social Ecology/Social Bonding Theories
51(2)
Social Class, Strain, and Frustration
53(1)
Social Learning Theories
54(1)
Attachment and Parent-Child Interaction Theories
55(1)
Psychopathology and Behavioral Traits
56(1)
Biological Factors
57(1)
Integrated Theories
57(2)
Process Theories
59(1)
Transactional Theories
60(1)
Section Summary
60(1)
Methodological Issues: Conducting Better Research
61(5)
Definitional Ambiguity
62(1)
Correlation Isn't Cause: Problems Establishing Cause-and-Effect Relationships
62(1)
Conducting Experiments
63(1)
Longitudinal Studies
64(1)
Comparison Groups
64(1)
When Correlation Comes Close to Cause: Two Examples
65(1)
Problems With Samples
65(1)
Chapter Summary
66(1)
Discussion Questions
67(1)
Notes
68(1)
Recommended Resources
68(1)
Child Physical Abuse
69(42)
Case History: Kevin Fell Off His Razor
71(1)
Scope of the Problem
72(9)
What Is Physical Child Abuse?
72(1)
Legal Perspectives
73(3)
How Common Is Physical Child Abuse?
76(1)
Official Estimates
76(1)
Self-Report Surveys
76(2)
Is the Rate of Physical Child Abuse Increasing?
78(2)
Section Summary
80(1)
Searching for Patterns: Victim, Perpetrator, and Social Ecological Characteristics
81(8)
Demographic Characteristics of Children Who Are Physically Abused
81(1)
Age
81(1)
Gender
82(1)
Socioeconomic Status
82(1)
Race
82(1)
Additional Characteristics
83(1)
Demographic Characteristics of Adults Who Physically Abuse Children
84(1)
Age
84(1)
Gender
84(1)
Relationship to the Abused Child
84(1)
Psychological and Biological Characteristics of Adults Who Physically Abuse Children
84(1)
Emotional and Behavioral Characteristics
85(1)
Biological Factors
85(2)
Social Ecological Factors
87(1)
Family Characteristics
87(1)
Family and Interpersonal Difficulties
88(1)
Parenting Problems
88(1)
Section Summary
89(1)
Consequences Associated With Child Physical Abuse
89(9)
Effects Associated With the Physical Abuse of Children
91(1)
Medical and Neurobiological Problems
91(2)
Cognitive Problems
93(1)
Behavioral Problems
94(1)
Socioemotional Difficulties
94(1)
Psychiatric Disorders
95(1)
Possible Long-Term Effects of Physical Abuse
95(1)
Criminal and Violent Behavior
96(1)
Substance Abuse
96(1)
Socioemotional Difficulties
97(1)
Mediators of Abuse Effects
97(1)
Section Summary
98(1)
Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues
99(8)
Intervention Strategies for Child Physical Abuse
99(1)
Treatment for Physically Abusive Adults
99(2)
Treatment for Children With Physical Abuse Histories
101(1)
Family Interventions
101(1)
Community Interventions
102(2)
Preventing Physical Abuse of Children
104(1)
Parental Competency Programs
104(1)
Community Awareness Campaigns
105(2)
Chapter Summary
107(1)
Discussion Questions
108(1)
Note
109(1)
Recommended Resources
109(2)
Child Sexual Abuse
111(52)
Case History: Sashim's Secret
113(1)
Scope of the Problem
114(6)
What Is Child Sexual Abuse?
114(1)
Cultural Context
114(1)
Conceptual Issues
115(2)
Legal Issues
117(1)
Estimates of Child Sexual Abuse
117(1)
Official Estimates
117(1)
Self-Report Surveys
118(1)
Is Sexual Abuse Increasing or Decreasing?
119(1)
Section Summary
120(1)
Searching for Patterns: Victim, Perpetrator, and Social Ecological Characteristics
120(6)
Characteristics of Sexually Abused Children
120(1)
Age
120(1)
Gender
121(1)
Characteristics of Individuals Who Sexually Abuse Children
121(1)
Age
121(1)
Gender
122(3)
Relationship to the Abused Child
125(1)
Social Ecological Factors
126(1)
Section Summary
126(1)
Dynamics and Consequences Associated With Child Sexual Abuse
127(12)
Dynamics of Child Sexual Abuse
127(1)
Types of Sexual Activity
127(1)
Initiation of Abuse
128(1)
Maintenance of Abuse
128(1)
Exploitation Through the Internet
129(2)
Effects Associated With Child Sexual Abuse
131(1)
Initial Effects
131(3)
Long-Term Effects
134(1)
Explaining the Variability in Effects
134(5)
Section Summary
139(1)
Explaining Child Sexual Abuse
139(8)
Focus on the Abused Individual
141(1)
Focus on the Offender
141(1)
Deviant Sexual Arousal
141(2)
Childhood History of Sexual Abuse
143(1)
Contemporary Integrative Theories
144(1)
Focus on the Family
145(1)
Focus on Society and Culture
146(1)
Societal Attitudes
146(1)
Media Depictions
146(1)
Section Summary
147(1)
Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues
147(12)
Basic Issues in Treatment Intervention
147(1)
Therapy for Child and Adult Survivors
148(1)
Interventions for Children
148(1)
Interventions for Adults
149(1)
Treatment Interventions for Offenders
150(1)
Medical Approaches
151(1)
Traditional and Family Systems Approaches
152(2)
Cognitive and Behavioral Techniques
154(2)
Prevention of Child Sexual Abuse
156(1)
Education Programs for Children
156(2)
The Parental Role in Child Empowerment
158(1)
Perpetration Prevention
158(1)
Chapter Summary
159(2)
Discussion Questions
161(1)
Recommended Resources
161(2)
Child Neglect
163(38)
Case History: Will and Mark: ``Where Are the Parents?''
164(2)
Scope of the Problem
166(10)
What Is Child Neglect?
166(1)
Current Definitions
166(1)
Severity of Consequences
167(1)
Frequency and Duration
168(1)
Cultural Issues
169(1)
Forms of Neglect
170(3)
Estimates of Child Neglect
173(1)
Official Estimates
173(3)
Self-Report Surveys
176(1)
Section Summary
176(1)
Searching for Patterns: Characteristics of Neglected Children and Their Families
177(7)
Characteristics of Neglected Children
177(1)
Age
177(1)
Gender
178(1)
Race
178(1)
Characteristics of Neglecting Parents
178(1)
Demographic Characteristics
178(1)
Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics
179(1)
Social Ecological Factors
180(1)
Family Structure and Functioning
180(1)
Socioeconomic Status
181(3)
Community Integration and Social Support
184(1)
Section Summary
184(1)
Consequences Associated With Child Neglect
185(6)
Developmental Considerations
185(2)
Social and Attachment Difficulties
187(1)
Cognitive and Academic Deficits
188(1)
Emotional and Behavior Problems
188(1)
Physical Consequences
189(1)
Long-Term Consequences
189(2)
Section Summary
191(1)
Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues
191(6)
Treatment of Child Neglect
191(2)
Prevention of Child Neglect
193(1)
Home Visitation Programs
194(3)
Programs for Parents With High-Risk Children
197(1)
Chapter Summary
197(1)
Discussion Questions
198(1)
Recommended Resources
199(2)
Child Psychological Maltreatment
201(30)
Case History: Tough Love or Child Psychological Maltreatment?
202(3)
Scope of the Problem
205(11)
What Is Child Psychological Maltreatment?
205(1)
Conceptual Issues
205(3)
Subtypes of Child Psychological Maltreatment
208(3)
Legal Issues
211(3)
Estimates of Child Psychological Maltreatment
214(1)
Official Estimates
214(1)
Self-Report Surveys
215(1)
Section Summary
216(1)
Searching for Patterns: Characteristics of Victims and Perpetrators
216(3)
Characteristics of Psychologically Maltreated Children
216(1)
Age and Gender
217(1)
Other Risk Factors
217(1)
Characteristics of Psychologically Maltreating Parents
217(1)
Age and Gender
218(1)
Psychosocial Qualities
218(1)
Section Summary
219(1)
Consequences Associated With Child Psychological Maltreatment
219(4)
Initial Effects
221(1)
Long-Term Effects
221(1)
Methodological Issues Pertaining to Effects Research
222(1)
Section Summary
223(1)
Practice, Policy, and Prevention Issues
223(3)
Interventions for Psychologically Maltreated Children
224(1)
Preventing Psychological Maltreatment
225(1)
Chapter Summary
226(2)
Discussion Questions
228(1)
Note
229(1)
Recommended Resources
229(2)
Additional Forms of Child Maltreatment
231(48)
Case History: The Disney World Girl
232(2)
Children Who Witness Violence
234(13)
Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
235(1)
Estimates of the Problem
235(1)
Effects Associated With Children's Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence
236(4)
Methodological Issues Pertaining to Effects Research
240(2)
Interventions for Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence
242(1)
Children Who Witness Community Violence
242(1)
Estimates of the Problem
243(1)
Effects Associated With Exposure to Community Violence
244(1)
Interventions for Children Exposed to Community Violence
245(2)
Section Summary
247(1)
Peer Violence and Victimization
248(16)
Sibling Abuse
248(1)
What Is Sibling Abuse?
249(3)
Forms of Negative Sibling Interaction
252(1)
Estimates of the Problem
253(1)
Consequences Associated With Negative Sibling Interaction
254(2)
Characteristics of Siblings Who Inflict Harm
256(1)
Bullying
257(1)
What Is Bullying?
257(1)
Estimates of the Problem
258(2)
Characteristics of Bullies and Victims
260(1)
Age
260(1)
Gender
260(1)
Psychological Characteristics
261(1)
Family- and School-Related Factors
262(1)
Intervention and Prevention
263(1)
Section Summary
264(2)
Institutional Child Maltreatment
266(2)
Estimates of the Problem
266(1)
Forms of Institutional Child Maltreatment
266(1)
Consequences Associated With Institutional Child Maltreatment
267(1)
Responses to Institutional Child Maltreatment
267(1)
Section Summary
268(1)
Organized Exploitation
268(6)
Child Sex Rings
269(1)
Child Pornography
269(1)
Child Prostitution
270(4)
Chapter Summary
274(2)
Discussion Questions
276(1)
Note
276(1)
Recommended Resources
277(2)
Key Issues in Responding to Child Maltreatment
279(26)
Child Welfare Responses to Child Maltreatment
280(7)
The Role of Child Protective Services
280(3)
Out-of-Home Care
283(3)
Legislation Affecting Child Welfare
286(1)
Legal System Responses to Child Maltreatment
287(4)
Children and the Legal System
288(1)
Prosecuting Individuals Who Abuse Children
289(2)
Cultural and International Issues in Child Maltreatment
291(4)
Estimates of Child Maltreatment Outside North America
291(1)
Cultural Differences and Child Maltreatment
292(1)
Cultural Sensitivity in Addressing the Problem of Child Maltreatment
293(2)
Collateral Effects of Child Maltreatment
295(7)
Impacts of Child Maltreatment on Professionals Who Work With Victims
295(6)
Treatment and Prevention of Collateral Effects of Child Maltreatment
301(1)
Chapter Summary
302(1)
Discussion Questions
303(1)
Recommended Resources
304(1)
Controversial Issues in the Study of Child Maltreatment
305(36)
Concern and Debate About Alleged False Allegations
306(16)
Childhood Fabrications
307(3)
Memory Wars: Repressed and Recovered Memories
310(12)
Is Exposure to Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) a Form of Child Maltreatment?
322(3)
Are Some Cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Actually Infanticide?
325(2)
Justice and Protection Controversies
327(4)
Mandatory Reporting
328(1)
Community Notification Laws
329(2)
Corporal Punishment
331(4)
Family Preservation Versus Out-of-Home Care
335(2)
Chapter Summary
337(2)
Discussion Questions
339(1)
Notes
339(1)
Recommended Resources
340(1)
Advancing the Field of Child Maltreatment
341(20)
Methodological and Theoretical Limitations and Solutions
342(4)
Improving on Methodological Limitations to Research in the Field
342(1)
Debates About Child Maltreatment Definitions
343(2)
Studying the Causes of Child Maltreatment
345(1)
Unifying the Field of Child Maltreatment
346(7)
Competing Claims and Interests of Professionals
347(3)
The Co-Occurrence of Multiple Forms of Victimization
350(1)
Comparative Effects of Different Subtypes and Combinations of Child Maltreatment
351(2)
Additional Areas of Integrative Research
353(1)
Claims Making Versus Science: Balancing Passion and Empiricism Within the Field of Child Maltreatment
353(5)
Feeding Public Distrust of Social Science
354(1)
Feeding the Backlash
355(1)
Blurring Definitional Boundaries
356(1)
Achieving Balance
357(1)
Chapter Summary
358(1)
Discussion Questions
359(1)
Recommended Resources
359(2)
What You Can Do to Help
361(16)
Condemning Cultural Acceptance of Violence
362(3)
The Media and Violence
363(1)
Questioning Culturally Accepted Violence Within the Family
364(1)
Advocating for a Public Policy Commitment to the Prevention of Child Maltreatment
365(5)
Financially Committing to Family Protection
366(1)
Addressing Social Problems That Contribute to Child Maltreatment
366(2)
Committing to Primary Prevention
368(1)
Child Maltreatment as a Public Health Issue
369(1)
Find What Works to Prevent Maltreatment and Invest in It
369(1)
Joining, Giving, Volunteering, Speaking Out
370(5)
Becoming a Court-Appointed Special Advocate (CASA) Volunteer
370(3)
Foster Parenting
373(2)
Adopting
375(1)
Chapter Summary
375(1)
Notes
376(1)
Appendix: Resources for Individuals and Organizations Addressing Child Maltreatment 377(18)
References 395(62)
Glossary 457(6)
Index 463(12)
About the Authors 475

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