Criminal Law: Examples and Explanations

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Edition: 3rd
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2004-02-01
Publisher(s): Wolters Kluwer
List Price: $38.95

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Summary

Already used with success by thousands of students across the country, Crinminal Law: Examples & Explanations is widely regarded as one of the best study guides available. Thoroughly updated for its Third Edition, this popular paperback continues to help students comprehend and apply the principles of criminal law. These distinctive characteristics make the book a favorite for both students and instructors: the proven Examples & Explanations format allows students to test their knowledge of legal principles. Readable, accessible text often incorporates humor and references to pop culture to engage student interest. Use of current and well-known cases makes the material relevant and easily applicable. A straightforward presentation, with introductory text designed to facilitate understanding. Generous use of visual aids - graphs, charts, and other illustrations iquest; to demonstrate legal standards and concepts. the Third Edition reflects recent developments in the news and case law, including these major new cases: the San Francisco 'dog maul' case. the Massachusetts 'hockey rage' case and other instances of rage. the Andrea Yates insanity trial. Apprendi v. New Jersey, and it's implications for substantive criminal law. Homicidal liability for deaths resulting from the transmission of AIDS without informing the partner of the defendant's illness. the doctrine of 'preemptive self defense' as articulated by President Bush in explaining the war in Iraq. This timely revision of Richard G. Singer and John W. La Fond's study guide helps students understand both the concepts And The context of criminal law. Make sure to require or recommend it for our next course.

Table of Contents

Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
Chapter 1. The Sources and Limitations of the Criminal Law 1(16)
Overview
1(1)
Sources of Criminal Law
2(3)
The Common Law as a Source of Criminal Law
2(1)
Legislative Sources
3(1)
The Model Penal Code as a Source of Criminal Law
3(1)
Constitutional Sources and Limits
4(1)
Limitations on the Criminal Law
5(8)
The Principle of Legality
5(3)
The Common Law in England
5(1)
The Common Law in the United States
6(1)
The Strengths and Weaknesses of Common Law Crimes
6(1)
Contemporary Law
7(1)
Ex Post Facto
8(1)
The Rule of Lenity
9(1)
Void for Vagueness
9(1)
The Burden of Proof
10(3)
Examples and Explanations
13(4)
Chapter 2. The Purposes of Punishment 17(18)
Overview
17(1)
Defining Punishment
17(1)
The Purposes of Punishment
18(11)
Utilitarianism
18(6)
Deterrence
19(2)
Incapacitation
21(1)
Rehabilitation
22(2)
Empirical Critiques
24(1)
Normative Critiques
24(1)
Retribution
24(3)
The Relationship of the Theories
27(1)
The Importance of Sentencing
27(2)
"Civil" v. "Punitive"
29(6)
The Difference Between "Criminal" and "Civil" Confinement
29(1)
A Contemporary Example: Sexual Predator Laws
29(6)
Examples and Explanations
Chapter 3. Actus Reus 35(12)
Overview
35(1)
The Common Law
35(4)
Voluntary Act
36(1)
Omission and Legal Duty
36(1)
Moral Duty
37(1)
Possession
38(1)
The Model Penal Code
39(2)
Voluntary Act
39(1)
Omission and Legal Duty
39(1)
A More Precise Definition for Actus Reus
40(1)
Possession
41(1)
Examples and Explanations
41(6)
Chapter 4. The Doctrines of Mens Rea 47(34)
Overview
47(1)
The Concepts of Mens Rea
48(1)
"Traditional" and "Statutory" Mens Rea
48(12)
Specific Kinds of Mens Rea
50(8)
Intent
50(4)
Recklessness
54(1)
Negligence as a Predicate for Criminal Liability
55(3)
Proving Mens Rea
58(1)
Motive and Mens Rea
59(1)
Motive and Defenses
60(1)
Contemporaneity, Prior Fault, and Time Frames
60(2)
Statutory Interpretation and Mens Rea
62(5)
Principles of Statutory Construction
62(2)
Element Analysis
64(2)
The "Default Position"
66(1)
The Model Penal Code
67(6)
Element Analysis
67(5)
Elements and Material Elements
67(1)
Kinds of Material Elements
68(1)
Levels of Culpability
68(1)
Mens Rea and Material Elements
69(3)
The Default Position Under the Code
72(1)
Subjectivity vs. Objectivity
72(1)
Examples and Explanations
73(8)
Chapter 5. Mistake 81(20)
Overview
81(1)
Mistake and Ignorance of Law
81(9)
Ignorance of the Law
83(2)
Mistake of Law
85(2)
Exceptions to the Rule
87(1)
"Specific Intent" Crimes
87(1)
Noncriminal Law Mistake
87(1)
The Model Penal Code
88(2)
Retention of the "Ignorantia Lex" Doctrine
88(1)
The "Reasonable Reliance" Approach to Mistake
88(2)
Mistake of Fact
90(2)
Reasonableness and Specific Intent
90(2)
Knowledge and Willful Blindness
92(1)
Mistake of Legal Fact
92(1)
The Model Penal Code
93(1)
A Note on the Future of Mistake
94(1)
Examples and Explanations
95(6)
Chapter 6. Strict Liability 101(20)
Overview
101(1)
The Reach of Strict Criminal Liability
102(2)
Definitions and Indicia of Strict Liability
104(5)
Public Welfare Offenses
104(1)
Mala in Se ("Real") vs. Mala Prohibita ("Unreal"?) Crimes
105(1)
"Regulatory" or "Police" Offense
106(1)
The Litmus Test of Available Punishments
107(1)
Innocent Actors
108(1)
Strict vs. Vicarious Liability
109(1)
Policy Analysis: Arguments For and Against Strict Liability
110(1)
Alternatives to Strict Liability
111(1)
"Greater Crime" Theory
112(2)
Constitutionality
114(1)
The Model Penal Code
115(1)
A Recap and a Methodology
115(1)
Examples and Explanations
116(5)
Chapter 7. Causation 121(28)
Overview
121(1)
The Rationale of Causation
122(1)
The Elements of Causation
123(10)
The Common Law
123(8)
Responsibility for Causing Harm
123(1)
Cause in Fact
123(1)
Omission as a Cause
124(1)
Concurrent Causation
124(1)
Direct Cause
125(1)
Proximate Cause
125(6)
Contributory Negligence and Proximate Causation
131(1)
The Model Penal Code
131(18)
Responsibility for Causing Harm
131(1)
"But For" Causation
131(1)
Other Causation, Concurrent Causation, and Transferred Intent
132(1)
Culpability as to Result
132(1)
Examples and Explanations
133(16)
Chapter 8. Homicide 149(40)
Overview
149(1)
Human Being
149(2)
When Does Life Begin?
149(1)
When Does Life End?
150(1)
Cause and Death
150(1)
Murder
151(5)
"Original" Murder: Killing with "Malice Aforethought"
151(1)
Presumed Malice
152(1)
Gradations of Murder
152(2)
"First-Degree" Murder
152(2)
"Second-Degree" Murder
154(1)
The Model Penal Code Approach
154(1)
Some Further Thoughts
155(1)
Examples and Explanations
156(4)
Felony Murder
160(8)
Introduction
161(1)
Restrictions on the Doctrine: "Cause" Questions
161(2)
The "Proximate Cause" Theory
162(1)
The "In Furtherance" or "Agency" Theory
162(1)
Justified vs. Excused Killings
162(1)
The Shield Cases: Exception to an Exception to an Exception
163(1)
The Mens Rea Approach
163(1)
Other Restrictions
163(10)
Duration of the Felony: Time Matters
163(1)
Limitations on the Predicate Felony
164(3)
Statutory Felony Murder: The Interplay of Courts and Legislatures
167(1)
The Model Penal Code Approach
167(1)
Examples and Explanations
168(5)
Manslaughter
173(6)
Voluntary Manslaughter
173(5)
The Rules of Voluntary Manslaughter
173(3)
Twentieth-Century Changes in the Doctrines
176(1)
Critique of Manslaughter Doctrine
177(1)
Involuntary Manslaughter
178(12)
Reckless and Negligent Manslaughter
178(1)
Misdemeanor-Manslaughter
179(1)
The Model Penal Code Approach
179(2)
Examples and Explanations
181(8)
Chapter 9. Rape 189(30)
Overview
189(1)
The Common Law Approach
190(5)
Definition
190(1)
Spousal Immunity
191(1)
Force
191(1)
Threat of Force
192(1)
Consent
192(1)
Attacking the Credibility of the Complainant
193(1)
Legally Ineffective Consent
193(1)
Fraud
194(1)
American Common Law
194(1)
The Actus Reus of Rape
195(1)
The Mens Rea of Rape
195(1)
The Model Penal Code
196(3)
Second-Degree Rape
197(1)
First-Degree Rape
198(1)
Gross Sexual Imposition
198(1)
Modern Rape Statutes
199(8)
Rape by Force or Threat of Serious Bodily Injury
200(3)
Force
200(1)
Additional Force
200(1)
Inherent Force
201(1)
Nonphysical Force
202(1)
Dispensing with the Force Requirement
202(1)
Threat of Force
203(1)
Resistance by the Victim
203(1)
Consent
204(1)
Deception
205(1)
Rape in the First Degree
205(1)
Spousal Immunity
206(1)
Rape Because No Legally Effective Consent
206(1)
Summary
206(1)
Evidence Reforms
207(2)
The Corroboration Requirement
207(1)
Rape Shield Laws
208(1)
Examples and Explanations
209(10)
Chapter 10. Theft 219(24)
Overview
219(1)
The Impact of History
220(1)
The Death Penalty
220(1)
Protecting Trade vs. Protecting Individualism
220(1)
Larceny
221(7)
Trespass
222(1)
Asportation and Taking
223(1)
Personal Property
224(1)
Of Another
225(1)
With Intent
225(1)
To Deprive
226(1)
Permanently
226(1)
Contemporaneity
227(1)
Finders
227(1)
Embezzlement
228(2)
Conversion
229(1)
In Lawful Possession
229(1)
Fraud
230(1)
False Pretenses
230(3)
Representation
231(1)
Present or Past Fact
231(1)
Title
232(1)
Mens Rea, Knowledge, and Intent to Defraud
232(1)
Puffing and Opinion
233(1)
Confusion
233(1)
Grading
234(1)
The Model Penal Code
235(2)
Examples and Explanations
237(6)
Chapter 11. Solicitation 243(12)
Overview
243(1)
Definition
244(1)
The Common Law
244(1)
The Model Penal Code
245(1)
Another Version of Solicitation
245(1)
The Mens Rea of Solicitation
245(1)
The Common Law
245(1)
The Model Penal Code
246(1)
The Actus Reus of Solicitation
246(1)
The Common Law
246(1)
The Model Penal Code
246(1)
The Relationship Between Solicitation and Conspiracy
247(1)
Responsibility for Crime Solicited
247(1)
Solicitation and Immunity for Crime Solicited
247(1)
Solicitation and Innocent Agents
248(1)
Impossibility
248(1)
The Common Law
248(1)
Legal Impossibility
248(1)
Factual Impossibility
248(1)
The Model Penal Code
249(1)
Abandonment
249(1)
Solicitation and Law Enforcement
250(1)
Punishment
250(1)
Examples and Explanations
251(4)
Chapter 12. Attempt 255(28)
Overview
255(1)
Definition
256(1)
The Mens Rea of Attempt
256(1)
The Actus Reus of Attempt
256(1)
The Common Law
257(2)
Mens Rea
257(1)
Intend the Act
257(1)
Intend the Result
257(1)
Intend the Circumstances
257(1)
Actus Reus
258(1)
Last Act
258(1)
The Equivocality Test
258(1)
Proximity Test
259(1)
Probable Desistance
259(1)
The Model Penal Code
259(2)
Definition
259(1)
Mens Rea
260(1)
Conduct
260(1)
Result
260(1)
Circumstance
260(1)
Actus Reus
260(1)
Summary
261(1)
Abandonment
262(1)
The Common Law
262(1)
The Model Penal Code
262(1)
Impossibility: Legal, Factual, and Inherent
263(6)
The Common Law
265(2)
Legal Impossibility
265(1)
Factual Impossibility
265(1)
Analysis
265(1)
Inherent Impossibility
266(1)
The Model Penal Code
267(1)
Legal Impossibility
267(1)
Factual Impossibility
267(1)
Inherent Impossibility
267(1)
Stalking
268(1)
Examples and Explanations
269(14)
Chapter 13. Conspiracy 283(48)
Overview
283(1)
Definition
284(1)
The Common Law
285(1)
The Model Penal Code
285(1)
Punishment and Grading
285(2)
The Common Law
285(1)
The Model Penal Code
286(1)
The Special Advantages of Conspiracy for Prosecutors
287(4)
Choice of Venue
287(1)
Joint Trials
287(1)
Use of Hearsay Evidence
288(1)
Responsibility for Crimes Committed by Co-Conspirators
289(3)
The Common Law
289(1)
The Model Penal Code
290(1)
Federal Sentencing Guidelines Limit the Pinkerton Rule
291(1)
Duration
291(2)
The Common Law
292(1)
Extending the Life of a Conspiracy
292(1)
The Model Penal Code
292(1)
Consequences of Termination
293(1)
The Mens Rea of Conspiracy
293(3)
The Common Law
293(2)
Act and Result
293(1)
Circumstances
294(1)
The Model Penal Code
295(3)
Conduct and Result
295(1)
Circumstances
296(1)
The Corrupt Motive Doctrine
296(4)
The Crimmins Doctrine
298(1)
Purpose or Knowledge When Providing Goods and Services
299 (1)
Case Law
299(1)
The Model Penal Code
300(1)
The Actus Reus of Conspiracy
300(4)
Agreement
300(3)
The Common Law
300(3)
The Model Penal Code
303(1)
Overt Act
303(2)
In General
303(1)
The Model Penal Code
304(1)
The Scope of the Agreement or How Many Conspiracies?
304(5)
Single Agreement with Multiple Criminal Objectives
305(1)
Single or Multiple Agreements?
305(4)
The Wheel and Spokes Approach
305(1)
The Chain Approach
306(1)
Wheel and Chain Conspiracies
307(1)
The Model Penal Code
308(1)
Parties to a Conspiracy
309(3)
The Common Law's Bilateral Approach
309(1)
The Model Penal Code's Unilateral Approach
310(2)
Abandonment
312(1)
The Common Law
312(1)
The Model Penal Code
312(1)
Withdrawal
313(1)
The Common Law
313(1)
The Model Penal Code
313(1)
Impossibility
314(1)
Legal Impossibility
314(1)
Factual Impossibility
314(1)
Wharton's Rule
315(1)
The Common Law
315(1)
The Model Penal Code
316(1)
Immunity for Substantive Offense
316(1)
The Common Law
316(1)
The Model Penal Code
317(1)
Examples and Explanations
317(14)
Chapter 14. Complicity 331(32)
Overview
331(1)
The Rationale of Accomplice Liability
332(1)
Definitions
333(3)
The Common Law
333(2)
The Model Penal Code
335(1)
Procedural Consequences of Classification
336(2)
The Common Law
336(2)
The Model Penal Code
338(1)
Contemporary Law
338(1)
Elements of Accessorial Liability
339(9)
Mens Rea
339(5)
The Mens Rea of the Crime Aided
339 (1)
The Mens Rea to Be an Accomplice: Purpose or Intent to Aid the Principal's Criminal Action
339(2)
Knowledge That Another Intends to Commit a Crime
341(1)
Providers of Goods and Services
341 (1)
Liability for Unintended Crimes Committed by the Principal
342(2)
Actus Reus
344(4)
Actual Assistance
344(1)
Omission
344(1)
How Much Aid Is Enough?
345(1)
Immunity from Conviction
346(1)
Conduct Necessarily Part of the Crime
347(1)
Legal Incapacity to Commit Substantive Crime
347(1)
The Relationship Between Principal and Accessories
348(3)
The Common Law
348(2)
The Requirement of a Guilty Principal
348(1)
The Pretending Principal
348 (1)
Differences in Degree of Culpability Between Principal and Accomplice
349(1)
Withdrawal of Aid
350(1)
The Model Penal Code
350(15)
The Requirement of a Guilty Principal
350(1)
The Pretending Principal
351 (1)
Differences in Degree of Culpability Between Principal and Accomplice
351(1)
Withdrawal of Aid
351(1)
Examples and Explanations
351(12)
Chapter 15. Defenses: An Initial Survey 363(22)
Overview
363(1)
Affirmative Defenses and Element Negations
364(7)
Legislative Clarity and the Offense-Defense Distinction
365(1)
The Common Law and Affirmative Defenses
366(1)
Supreme Court Confusion
367(4)
The Model Penal Code
371(1)
Presumptions
371(4)
Constitutional Aspects of Presumptions
373(2)
The Model Penal Code
375(1)
Excuse and Justification: The Debate and Confusion
375(4)
The Distinction Drawn
375(1)
The Distinction Questioned
376(1)
Procedural Implications of the Distinctions
377(9)
The Burden of Proof Problem
377(1)
The Abolition Problem
378(1)
The Assistance and Resistance Problem
378(1)
Unknowing Justification: "The Dodson Problem"
378(1)
Examples and Explanations
379(6)
Chapter 16. Acts in Emergency: Justification vs. Excuse 385(46)
Overview
385(1)
Common Requirements, Common Problems
386(4)
Excused or Justified? Or Both?
386(1)
Actus Reus, Mens Rea, or Both? Or Neither?
387(1)
Actus Reus
387(1)
Mens Rea
387(1)
Why Punish?
388(2)
Mistaken Justifications
388(1)
Mistake - Honest, or Reasonable?
389(1)
Duress
390(4)
The Doctrines of Duress
390(3)
Personal Injury
390(1)
"Imminence"
391(1)
Reasonableness of Fear
391(1)
To "Himself"
391(1)
Creating Conditions of Duress
392(1)
Duress and Homicide
392(1)
The Guilt of the Duressor: A Note
393(1)
The Rationale of Duress
393(1)
The Model Penal Code
394(1)
Necessity
394(5)
The Doctrines of Necessity
394(3)
Duress vs. Necessity
395(1)
Necessity and Homicide
396(1)
Creating Conditions of Necessity
396(1)
Excuse or Justification?
397(1)
The Problems of Imminence and Democracy
397(1)
The Model Penal Code
398(1)
Examples and Explanations
399(5)
Self-Defense
404(1)
The Rules of Self-Defense
405(11)
Imminence; No Alternatives
405(3)
Preemptive Strikes
405(1)
To Retreat or Not to Retreat, That Is the Dilemma
406(2)
Proportionality and Subjectivity
408(1)
Mistake and Reasonableness
409(1)
The Position of the "Aggressor"; Withdrawal
410(1)
The "Not Unlawful" Aggressor
411(1)
The Battered Wives Cases: A Challenge to the Doctrines
411 (2)
Conclusion: Need for a General Rethinking
413(1)
Doctrinal Problems of Self-Defense
414(1)
The Mens Rea of Self-Defense
414(1)
Justification or Excuse?
415(1)
Defense of Others
415(1)
The Model Penal Code
415(1)
Examples and Explanations
416(3)
Defense of Property and Habitat
419(3)
The Common Law
419(2)
Other Lawful Means Available
420(1)
Warning
420(1)
Deadly Force Not Permitted
420(1)
The Model Penal Code
421(3)
Initial Agression
421(1)
Retaking Property
421(1)
Use of Force
421(1)
Examples and Explanations
422(2)
Use of Force
424(4)
Arrest
424(3)
The Common Law
424(2)
The Model Penal Code
426(1)
Preventing Crime
427(6)
The Common Law
427(1)
The Model Penal Code
427(1)
Examples and Explanations
428(3)
Chapter 17. Defenses Based on Individual Characteristics 431(60)
Overview
431(1)
Insanity
432(10)
The Relevance of Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System
433(2)
Competency to Stand Trial
433(1)
Transfer from Prison to a Psychiatric Hospital
434(1)
Release from Confinement
435(1)
Execution Pursuant to a Sentence of Death
435(1)
The Insanity Defense
435(4)
The M'Naghten Test
435(2)
The Irresistible Impulse Test
437(1)
The Model Penal Code Test
437(2)
The Federal Insanity Test
439(1)
Reform of the Insanity Defense
439(1)
Substantive Changes
439(1)
Procedural Changes
439(1)
Insanity Defense Myths and Facts
440(1)
The Guilty but Mentally Ill Defense
440(10)
Historical Origin
440(1)
Jury Options
441(1)
Dispostional Consequences
441(1)
Arguments Pro and Con
441(1)
The Empirical Consequences of the GBMI Defense
442(1)
Examples and Explanations
442(8)
Infancy
450(1)
The Common Law
450(1)
Under Age 7
451(1)
Between Ages 7 and 14
451(1)
Over Age 14
451(1)
The Model Penal Code
451(1)
Contemporary Law
451(2)
Juvenile Court Jurisdiction
451(1)
Criminal Responsibility
452(1)
Example and Explanation
453(1)
Intoxication
454(8)
Intoxication as an Element
455(1)
The Relevance of Voluntary Intoxication to Mens Rea or Culpability
456(3)
The Common Law
456(2)
The Model Penal Code
458(1)
The Relevance of Voluntary Intoxication to Defenses
459(1)
Involuntary Intoxication
460(1)
The Relevance of Voluntary Intoxication to Actus Reus
460(1)
Alcoholism and Insanity
461(1)
Examples and Explanations
462(4)
Diminished Capacity
466(5)
A Brief History
466(4)
The British Version: Diminished Responsibility
467(1)
The California Version
467(2)
The Rule of Evidence Approach
469(1)
The Model Penal Code
470(1)
Summary
470(1)
Examples and Explanations
471(3)
Entrapment
474(3)
The History of the Entrapment Defense
474(1)
The Defense Today
475(8)
The Subjective Approach
475(1)
The Objective Approach
476(1)
Due Process
477(1)
Examples and Explanations
477(4)
New Excuses: The Future Is Upon Us
481(8)
Physiologically (Biologically) Based Excuses for Criminality
483(3)
The XYY Chromosome Affair
484(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
484(1)
Other Physiologically Based Claims
485(1)
Psychologically Based Excuses
486(1)
Brainwashing
486(1)
Mob Mentality
487(1)
Sociologically Based Claims
487(2)
Criminogenic Causes: Rotten Social Background
487(1)
Urban Survival Syndrome and Black Rage
488(1)
"Abuse Excuses"
488(1)
Recap
489(1)
Examples and Explanations
489(2)
Table of Selected Cases 491(4)
Index 495

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