Preface |
|
xxv | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxvii | |
Chapter 1. The Sources and Limitations of the Criminal Law |
|
1 | (16) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
|
2 | (3) |
|
The Common Law as a Source of Criminal Law |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
The Model Penal Code as a Source of Criminal Law |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Constitutional Sources and Limits |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Limitations on the Criminal Law |
|
|
5 | (8) |
|
The Principle of Legality |
|
|
5 | (3) |
|
The Common Law in England |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
The Common Law in the United States |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
The Strengths and Weaknesses of Common Law Crimes |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
|
10 | (3) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
13 | (4) |
Chapter 2. The Purposes of Punishment |
|
17 | (18) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
The Purposes of Punishment |
|
|
18 | (11) |
|
|
18 | (6) |
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
|
24 | (3) |
|
The Relationship of the Theories |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
The Importance of Sentencing |
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
|
29 | (6) |
|
The Difference Between "Criminal" and "Civil" Confinement |
|
|
29 | (1) |
|
A Contemporary Example: Sexual Predator Laws |
|
|
29 | (6) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
Chapter 3. Actus Reus |
|
35 | (12) |
|
|
35 | (1) |
|
|
35 | (4) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
36 | (1) |
|
|
37 | (1) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (2) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
A More Precise Definition for Actus Reus |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
41 | (6) |
Chapter 4. The Doctrines of Mens Rea |
|
47 | (34) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
"Traditional" and "Statutory" Mens Rea |
|
|
48 | (12) |
|
Specific Kinds of Mens Rea |
|
|
50 | (8) |
|
|
50 | (4) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
Negligence as a Predicate for Criminal Liability |
|
|
55 | (3) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Contemporaneity, Prior Fault, and Time Frames |
|
|
60 | (2) |
|
Statutory Interpretation and Mens Rea |
|
|
62 | (5) |
|
Principles of Statutory Construction |
|
|
62 | (2) |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (6) |
|
|
67 | (5) |
|
Elements and Material Elements |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
Kinds of Material Elements |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
|
68 | (1) |
|
Mens Rea and Material Elements |
|
|
69 | (3) |
|
The Default Position Under the Code |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Subjectivity vs. Objectivity |
|
|
72 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
73 | (8) |
Chapter 5. Mistake |
|
81 | (20) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Mistake and Ignorance of Law |
|
|
81 | (9) |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
|
85 | (2) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
Retention of the "Ignorantia Lex" Doctrine |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
The "Reasonable Reliance" Approach to Mistake |
|
|
88 | (2) |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
Reasonableness and Specific Intent |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
Knowledge and Willful Blindness |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (1) |
|
A Note on the Future of Mistake |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
95 | (6) |
Chapter 6. Strict Liability |
|
101 | (20) |
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
The Reach of Strict Criminal Liability |
|
|
102 | (2) |
|
Definitions and Indicia of Strict Liability |
|
|
104 | (5) |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Mala in Se ("Real") vs. Mala Prohibita ("Unreal"?) Crimes |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
"Regulatory" or "Police" Offense |
|
|
106 | (1) |
|
The Litmus Test of Available Punishments |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
|
108 | (1) |
|
Strict vs. Vicarious Liability |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Policy Analysis: Arguments For and Against Strict Liability |
|
|
110 | (1) |
|
Alternatives to Strict Liability |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
A Recap and a Methodology |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
116 | (5) |
Chapter 7. Causation |
|
121 | (28) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
The Rationale of Causation |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
The Elements of Causation |
|
|
123 | (10) |
|
|
123 | (8) |
|
Responsibility for Causing Harm |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
124 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
125 | (6) |
|
Contributory Negligence and Proximate Causation |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (18) |
|
Responsibility for Causing Harm |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Other Causation, Concurrent Causation, and Transferred Intent |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
133 | (16) |
Chapter 8. Homicide |
|
149 | (40) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
150 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (5) |
|
"Original" Murder: Killing with "Malice Aforethought" |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
The Model Penal Code Approach |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
155 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
156 | (4) |
|
|
160 | (8) |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Restrictions on the Doctrine: "Cause" Questions |
|
|
161 | (2) |
|
The "Proximate Cause" Theory |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
The "In Furtherance" or "Agency" Theory |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
Justified vs. Excused Killings |
|
|
162 | (1) |
|
The Shield Cases: Exception to an Exception to an Exception |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
|
163 | (10) |
|
Duration of the Felony: Time Matters |
|
|
163 | (1) |
|
Limitations on the Predicate Felony |
|
|
164 | (3) |
|
Statutory Felony Murder: The Interplay of Courts and Legislatures |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
The Model Penal Code Approach |
|
|
167 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
168 | (5) |
|
|
173 | (6) |
|
|
173 | (5) |
|
The Rules of Voluntary Manslaughter |
|
|
173 | (3) |
|
Twentieth-Century Changes in the Doctrines |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Critique of Manslaughter Doctrine |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (12) |
|
Reckless and Negligent Manslaughter |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
179 | (1) |
|
The Model Penal Code Approach |
|
|
179 | (2) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
181 | (8) |
Chapter 9. Rape |
|
189 | (30) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
190 | (5) |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
191 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Attacking the Credibility of the Complainant |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Legally Ineffective Consent |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
196 | (3) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (8) |
|
Rape by Force or Threat of Serious Bodily Injury |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Dispensing with the Force Requirement |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
Rape Because No Legally Effective Consent |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
206 | (1) |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
The Corroboration Requirement |
|
|
207 | (1) |
|
|
208 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
209 | (10) |
Chapter 10. Theft |
|
219 | (24) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Protecting Trade vs. Protecting Individualism |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (7) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
|
228 | (2) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
|
230 | (3) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
231 | (1) |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
Mens Rea, Knowledge, and Intent to Defraud |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
|
234 | (1) |
|
|
235 | (2) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
237 | (6) |
Chapter 11. Solicitation |
|
243 | (12) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
Another Version of Solicitation |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
The Mens Rea of Solicitation |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
245 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
The Actus Reus of Solicitation |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
The Relationship Between Solicitation and Conspiracy |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Responsibility for Crime Solicited |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Solicitation and Immunity for Crime Solicited |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
Solicitation and Innocent Agents |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
Solicitation and Law Enforcement |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
251 | (4) |
Chapter 12. Attempt |
|
255 | (28) |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
The Actus Reus of Attempt |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (2) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
Impossibility: Legal, Factual, and Inherent |
|
|
263 | (6) |
|
|
265 | (2) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
267 | (1) |
|
|
268 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
269 | (14) |
Chapter 13. Conspiracy |
|
283 | (48) |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (2) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
The Special Advantages of Conspiracy for Prosecutors |
|
|
287 | (4) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Responsibility for Crimes Committed by Co-Conspirators |
|
|
289 | (3) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Federal Sentencing Guidelines Limit the Pinkerton Rule |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Extending the Life of a Conspiracy |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Termination |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
The Mens Rea of Conspiracy |
|
|
293 | (3) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (3) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
296 | (1) |
|
The Corrupt Motive Doctrine |
|
|
296 | (4) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Purpose or Knowledge When Providing Goods and Services |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
The Actus Reus of Conspiracy |
|
|
300 | (4) |
|
|
300 | (3) |
|
|
300 | (3) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (2) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
The Scope of the Agreement or How Many Conspiracies? |
|
|
304 | (5) |
|
Single Agreement with Multiple Criminal Objectives |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Single or Multiple Agreements? |
|
|
305 | (4) |
|
The Wheel and Spokes Approach |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Wheel and Chain Conspiracies |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
309 | (3) |
|
The Common Law's Bilateral Approach |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
The Model Penal Code's Unilateral Approach |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Immunity for Substantive Offense |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
317 | (14) |
Chapter 14. Complicity |
|
331 | (32) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
The Rationale of Accomplice Liability |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
333 | (3) |
|
|
333 | (2) |
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
Procedural Consequences of Classification |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Elements of Accessorial Liability |
|
|
339 | (9) |
|
|
339 | (5) |
|
The Mens Rea of the Crime Aided |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
The Mens Rea to Be an Accomplice: Purpose or Intent to Aid the Principal's Criminal Action |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
Knowledge That Another Intends to Commit a Crime |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Providers of Goods and Services |
|
|
341 | (1) |
|
Liability for Unintended Crimes Committed by the Principal |
|
|
342 | (2) |
|
|
344 | (4) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Conduct Necessarily Part of the Crime |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Legal Incapacity to Commit Substantive Crime |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
The Relationship Between Principal and Accessories |
|
|
348 | (3) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
The Requirement of a Guilty Principal |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
Differences in Degree of Culpability Between Principal and Accomplice |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
350 | (15) |
|
The Requirement of a Guilty Principal |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Differences in Degree of Culpability Between Principal and Accomplice |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
351 | (12) |
Chapter 15. Defenses: An Initial Survey |
|
363 | (22) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Affirmative Defenses and Element Negations |
|
|
364 | (7) |
|
Legislative Clarity and the Offense-Defense Distinction |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
The Common Law and Affirmative Defenses |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
367 | (4) |
|
|
371 | (1) |
|
|
371 | (4) |
|
Constitutional Aspects of Presumptions |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
Excuse and Justification: The Debate and Confusion |
|
|
375 | (4) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
The Distinction Questioned |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Procedural Implications of the Distinctions |
|
|
377 | (9) |
|
The Burden of Proof Problem |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
The Assistance and Resistance Problem |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Unknowing Justification: "The Dodson Problem" |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
379 | (6) |
Chapter 16. Acts in Emergency: Justification vs. Excuse |
|
385 | (46) |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Common Requirements, Common Problems |
|
|
386 | (4) |
|
Excused or Justified? Or Both? |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Actus Reus, Mens Rea, or Both? Or Neither? |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Mistake - Honest, or Reasonable? |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (4) |
|
|
390 | (3) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
Creating Conditions of Duress |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
The Guilt of the Duressor: A Note |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (5) |
|
The Doctrines of Necessity |
|
|
394 | (3) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Creating Conditions of Necessity |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
The Problems of Imminence and Democracy |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
399 | (5) |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
The Rules of Self-Defense |
|
|
405 | (11) |
|
Imminence; No Alternatives |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
To Retreat or Not to Retreat, That Is the Dilemma |
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
Proportionality and Subjectivity |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Mistake and Reasonableness |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
The Position of the "Aggressor"; Withdrawal |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
The "Not Unlawful" Aggressor |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
The Battered Wives Cases: A Challenge to the Doctrines |
|
|
411 | (2) |
|
Conclusion: Need for a General Rethinking |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Doctrinal Problems of Self-Defense |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
The Mens Rea of Self-Defense |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
416 | (3) |
|
Defense of Property and Habitat |
|
|
419 | (3) |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Other Lawful Means Available |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
Deadly Force Not Permitted |
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
|
424 | (4) |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
|
424 | (2) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (6) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
428 | (3) |
Chapter 17. Defenses Based on Individual Characteristics |
|
431 | (60) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
432 | (10) |
|
The Relevance of Mental Illness in the Criminal Justice System |
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
Competency to Stand Trial |
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
Transfer from Prison to a Psychiatric Hospital |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Execution Pursuant to a Sentence of Death |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
|
435 | (4) |
|
|
435 | (2) |
|
The Irresistible Impulse Test |
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
The Model Penal Code Test |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
The Federal Insanity Test |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Reform of the Insanity Defense |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Insanity Defense Myths and Facts |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
The Guilty but Mentally Ill Defense |
|
|
440 | (10) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Dispostional Consequences |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
The Empirical Consequences of the GBMI Defense |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
442 | (8) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Juvenile Court Jurisdiction |
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
|
454 | (8) |
|
Intoxication as an Element |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
The Relevance of Voluntary Intoxication to Mens Rea or Culpability |
|
|
456 | (3) |
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
The Relevance of Voluntary Intoxication to Defenses |
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
The Relevance of Voluntary Intoxication to Actus Reus |
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
462 | (4) |
|
|
466 | (5) |
|
|
466 | (4) |
|
The British Version: Diminished Responsibility |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
The Rule of Evidence Approach |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
The History of the Entrapment Defense |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
475 | (8) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
477 | (4) |
|
New Excuses: The Future Is Upon Us |
|
|
481 | (8) |
|
Physiologically (Biologically) Based Excuses for Criminality |
|
|
483 | (3) |
|
The XYY Chromosome Affair |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Other Physiologically Based Claims |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
Psychologically Based Excuses |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Sociologically Based Claims |
|
|
487 | (2) |
|
Criminogenic Causes: Rotten Social Background |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
Urban Survival Syndrome and Black Rage |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Examples and Explanations |
|
|
489 | (2) |
Table of Selected Cases |
|
491 | (4) |
Index |
|
495 | |