The Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice

Comprising over 500 entries on the essential topics within criminology and criminal justice, and available in print and online, this encyclopedia offers a state-of-the-art survey informed by the very latest theory and research. It combines this breadth of coverage with the authority and international perspective of an experienced editorial team, creating a definitive reference resource for students, scholars, and professionals in these interdisciplinary and dynamic fields.

• Comprehensive: Offers wide-ranging coverage spanning 15 substantive areas within criminology and criminal justice, including criminal law, juvenile justice, education and professionalism, history of crime, and victimization
• Authoritative: Edited by one of criminology’s leading authorities, and peer reviewed by a team of 14 associate editors, all of whom are renowned in their fields
• Accessible: Uniquely organized to allow easy searching and cross referencing by keyword, topic, or alphabetical order
• International: Brings together a global team of contributors from ten countries to offer a uniquely international perspective on topics such as transnational crime
• Cutting-edge: Combines state-of-the-art coverage of developments in areas such as homeland security and forensic science, with the core topics within criminology and criminal justice
• Interdisciplinary: Draws on the very latest theory and research from a number of fields, including criminal justice, criminology, sociology, law, security studies, and the psychology of crime, resulting in a valuable resource that will appeal to all those studying or working in related disciplines
• Multi-format: Publishing simultaneously as a five-volume print set and via Wiley Online Library; visit www.encyclopediaofcriminology.com for further details

Jay S. Albanese is Professor in the Wilder School of Government and Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. A celebrated authority on criminology and criminal justice, he is the former head of the International Center at the National Institute of Justice – the research arm of the US Department of Justice – and has received many prestigious awards, including The Elske Smith Distinguished Lecturer Award from Virginia Commonwealth University, and The Gerhard Mueller Award from the International Section of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences.

Dr. Albanese is the current chair of the American Society of Criminology’s Division of International Criminology. He is the author or editor of more than 15 books, including Professional Ethics in Criminal Justice: Being Ethical When No One is Looking (Third Edition, 2012), Transnational Crime and the 21st Century (2011), and Organized Crime in Our Times (Sixth Edition, 2011).

About the Editors vii

Notes on Contributors xi

Lexicon lxi

Introduction lxix

Acknowledgments lxxiii

Volume I Criminology and Criminal Justice Ab–Co 1

Volume II Criminology and Criminal Justice Cr–Gu 462

Volume III Criminology and Criminal Justice Ha–Mu 999

Volume IV Criminology and Criminal Justice Na–Ru 1503

Volume V Criminology and Criminal Justice Sa–Wr 2017

Index 2499