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1 | (10) |
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The current status of chemistry and the environment |
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1 | (1) |
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Evolution of the environmental movement |
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2 | (7) |
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2 | (4) |
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`Dilution is the solution to pollution' |
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6 | (1) |
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Waste treatment and abatement through command and control |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (10) |
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11 | (1) |
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Why is this new area of chemistry getting so much attention? |
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12 | (1) |
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Why should chemists pursue the goals of green chemistry? |
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13 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (5) |
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21 | (8) |
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Alternative feedstocks/starting materials |
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21 | (3) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Alternative product/target molecule |
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25 | (1) |
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Process analytical chemistry |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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Principles of green chemistry |
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29 | (28) |
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It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed |
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29 | (4) |
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Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment |
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34 | (2) |
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Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity |
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36 | (2) |
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What is designing safer chemicals? |
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36 | (1) |
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Why is this now possible? |
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37 | (1) |
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The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when used |
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38 | (4) |
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The general use of auxiliary substances |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized |
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42 | (3) |
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Energy usage by the chemical industry |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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The need to accelerate reactions with heat |
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43 | (1) |
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The need to control reactivity through cooling |
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43 | (1) |
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Separation energy requirements |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Optimizing the reaction should mean minimizing the energy requirements |
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44 | (1) |
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A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting, wherever technically and economically practicable |
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45 | (3) |
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What are renewable vs. depleting feedstocks? |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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Direct environmental effects |
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46 | (1) |
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Indirect environmental effects |
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46 | (1) |
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Limited supply creates economic pressure |
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47 | (1) |
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The political effects of petroleum |
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47 | (1) |
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Concerns about biological feedstocks |
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48 | (1) |
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Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible |
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48 | (2) |
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The prevalence of this practice in chemistry |
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48 | (1) |
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Blocking/protecting groups |
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49 | (1) |
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Making salts, etc. for ease of processing |
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49 | (1) |
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Adding a functional group only to replace it |
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49 | (1) |
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Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents |
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50 | (1) |
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Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products |
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51 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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Persistence in the environment |
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52 | (1) |
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Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time, in-process monitoring, and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances |
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53 | (1) |
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Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should be chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires |
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54 | (3) |
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Evaluating the effects of chemistry |
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57 | (10) |
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How does a chemist evaluate a chemical product or process for its effect on human health and the environment? |
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57 | (10) |
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58 | (3) |
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61 | (2) |
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Effects on the local environment |
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63 | (1) |
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Global environmental effects |
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63 | (4) |
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Evaluating to feedstocks and starting materials |
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67 | (4) |
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Origins of the feedstock/starting materials |
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67 | (1) |
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A renewable or a depleting resource |
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68 | (1) |
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Hazardous or innocuous feedstock |
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69 | (1) |
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Downstream implications of the choice of feedstock |
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69 | (2) |
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Evaluating reaction types |
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71 | (14) |
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What are the different general types of chemical transformation? |
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71 | (10) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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Oxidation/reduction reactions |
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80 | (1) |
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What is the intrinsic nature of the various reaction types? |
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81 | (4) |
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Do they require additional chemicals? |
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81 | (1) |
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Do they necessarily generate waste? |
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82 | (3) |
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Evaluation of methods to design after chemicals |
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85 | (8) |
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Mechanism of action analysis |
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86 | (2) |
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Structure activity relationships |
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88 | (1) |
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Avoidance of toxic functional groups |
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89 | (1) |
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Minimizing bioavailability |
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89 | (1) |
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Minimizing auxiliary substances |
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90 | (3) |
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Examples of green chemistry |
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93 | (22) |
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Examples of green starting materials |
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93 | (4) |
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93 | (1) |
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Commodity chemicals from glucose |
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94 | (1) |
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Biomass conversion to chemical products |
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95 | (2) |
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Examples of green reactions |
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97 | (3) |
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Atom economy and homogeneous catalysis |
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97 | (1) |
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Halide-free syntheses of aromatic amines |
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97 | (1) |
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A green alternative to the Strecker synthesis |
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98 | (2) |
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Examples of green reagents |
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100 | (3) |
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Non-phosgene isocyanate synthesis |
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100 | (1) |
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Selective methylations using dimethylcarbonate |
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101 | (1) |
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Solid-state polymerization of amorphous polymers using diphenylcarbonate |
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102 | (1) |
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Green oxidative transition metal complexes |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Examples of green solvents and reaction conditions |
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103 | (6) |
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104 | (1) |
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Aqueous reaction conditions |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (1) |
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Irradiative reaction conditions |
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108 | (1) |
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Examples of green chemical products |
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109 | (6) |
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Design of alternative nitriles |
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110 | (1) |
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Rohm and Haas Sea-Nine(tm) product |
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111 | (1) |
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Rohm and Haas CONFIRM(tm) insecticide |
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111 | (1) |
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Donlar's polyaspartic acids |
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112 | (1) |
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Polaroid's complexed developers |
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112 | (3) |
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Future trends in green chemistry |
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115 | (6) |
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Oxidation reagents and catalysts |
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115 | (1) |
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Biomimetic, multifunctional reagents |
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116 | (1) |
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Combinatorial green chemistry |
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117 | (1) |
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Chemistry that both prevents problems and solves current pollution problems |
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117 | (1) |
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Proliferation of solventless reactions |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Non-covalent derivatization |
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119 | (2) |
| Exercises |
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121 | (4) |
| References |
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125 | (6) |
| Index |
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131 | |
Other versions by this Author