The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology,9780767430227

The Human Species: An Introduction to Biological Anthropology

by
Edition: 5th
ISBN13: 9780767430227
ISBN10: 0767430220
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2002-07-17
Publisher(s): McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages
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Summary

This general introduction to contemporary physical anthropology presents balanced coverage of the major components of the field: genetics and evolutionary theory, human variation, human evolution, and the biology, behavior, and evolution of primates.

Table of Contents

Preface xiii
PART I Evolutionary Background 1(116)
Biological Anthropology and Evolution
3(28)
What Is Anthropology?
4(6)
Biology and Culture
5(1)
Variation
6(1)
Evolution
6(1)
Adaptation
6(2)
The Subfields of Anthropology
8(2)
Special Topic: Biological Anthropologists at Work
10(2)
Science and Evolution
12(16)
Characteristics of Science
12(2)
The Development of Evolutionary Theory
14(7)
Evidence for Evolution
21(2)
Science and Religion
23(5)
Summary
28(1)
Supplemental Readings
28(1)
Internet Resources
29(2)
Human Genetics
31(36)
Molecular Genetics
32(9)
DNA: The Genetic Code
32(3)
Chromosomes and Genes
35(5)
The Human Genome Project
40(1)
Mendelian Genetics
41(12)
Genotypes and Phenotypes
43(2)
Predicting Offspring Distributions
45(2)
Chromosomes and Inheritance
47(3)
The Genetics of Complex Physical Traits
50(3)
Mutations
53(4)
Evolutionary Significance of Mutations
53(1)
Types of Mutations
54(2)
Rates of Mutations
56(1)
Special Topic: PCR and Ancient DNA
57(1)
Genetics and Behavior
58(1)
Summary
59(1)
Supplemental Readings
60(1)
Internet Resources
60(7)
Cell Biology: A Review
61(6)
Evolutionary Forces
67(30)
Population Genetics
67(6)
What Is a Population?
68(1)
Genotype Frequencies and Allele Frequencies
69(1)
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
69(4)
Evolutionary Forces
73(20)
Mutation
73(1)
Natural Selection
74(7)
Genetic Drift
81(5)
Gene Flow
86(3)
Interaction of the Evolutionary Forces
89(4)
Special Topic: Tay-Sachs Disease: Genetic Drift or Natural Selection?
93(1)
Nonrandom Mating
93(1)
Summary
94(1)
Supplemental Readings
95(1)
Internet Resources
95(2)
The Origin and Evolution of Species
97(20)
The Birth and Death of Species
98(6)
What Is a Species?
98(2)
Speciation
100(2)
Adaptive Radiation
102(1)
The Tempo and Mode of Macroevolution
102(2)
Extinctions and Mass Extinctions
104(1)
Misconceptions about Evolution
104(1)
The Nature of Selection
104(1)
Special Topic: Science Fiction and Orthogenesis
105(3)
Structure, Function, and Evolution
107(1)
A Brief History of Life
108(6)
Perspectives on Geologic Time
108(1)
The Origin of Life
109(1)
The Paleozoic Era
109(3)
The Mesozoic Era
112(1)
The Cenozoic Era
113(1)
Summary
114(1)
Supplemental Readings
115(1)
Internet Resources
115(2)
PART II Human Biological Variation 117(82)
The Study of Human Variation
119(26)
Measuring Human Variation
119(6)
Biochemical Variation
121(3)
Complex Traits
124(1)
The Racial Approach to Variation
125(9)
The Biological Concept of Race
125(1)
Problems with the Concept of Race
126(8)
The Evolutionary Approach to Variation
134(7)
The Analysis of Gene Flow and Genetic Drift
136(1)
The Analysis of Natural Selection
137(4)
Special Topic: Genetics, Race, and IQ
141(1)
Summary
142(1)
Supplemental Readings
142(1)
Internet Resources
143(2)
Microevolution in Human Populations
145(30)
Case Studies of Gene Flow and Genetic Drift
145(5)
Social Organization and Genetics of South American Indians of the Rain Forest
146(1)
The Population History of Ireland
147(3)
Case Studies of Natural Selection
150(2)
Hemoglobin, Sickle Cell, and Malaria
150(2)
Special Topic: The Biological History of the Ancient Egyptians
152(20)
Blood Groups and Natural Selection
160(5)
Lactase Persistence and Lactose Intolerance
165(2)
Skin Color
167(5)
Summary
172(1)
Supplemental Readings
172(1)
Internet Resources
173(2)
Human Adaptation
175(24)
Types of Adaptation
176(1)
Physiologic, Genetic, and Cultural Adaptation
176(1)
Adaptation to Ultraviolet Radiation: An Example
176(1)
Climate and Human Adaptation
177(8)
Physiologic Responses to Temperature Stress
177(2)
Climate and Morphological Variation
179(4)
Cultural Adaptations
183(2)
High-Altitude Adaptation
185(4)
High-Altitude Stresses
185(2)
Physiologic Responses to Hypoxia
187(1)
Physical Growth in High-Altitude Populations
187(2)
Nutritional Adaptation
189(4)
Basic Nutritional Needs
189(2)
Variation in Human Diet
191(1)
Malnutrition
192(1)
Special Topic: The ``Small But Healthy'' Hypothesis and the Cost of Adaptation
193(3)
Biological Costs of Modernization and Dietary Change
194(2)
Summary
196(1)
Supplemental Readings
197(1)
Internet Resources
197(2)
PART III Our Place in Nature 199(126)
Primates in Nature
201(34)
Taxonomic Classification
201(7)
Taxonomic Categories
202(1)
Methods of Classification
203(2)
Approaches to Classification
205(2)
The Vertebrates
207(1)
Characteristics of Mammals
208(7)
Reproduction
209(2)
Temperature Regulation
211(1)
Teeth
212(2)
Skeletal Structure
214(1)
Behavior
214(1)
Primate Characteristics
215(8)
The Skeleton
217(1)
Vision
218(1)
The Brain and Behavior
219(2)
Reproduction and Care of Offspring
221(2)
Special Topic: What Will Happen to the Primates?
223(4)
Social Structure
225(2)
Models of Primate Behavior
227(4)
Behavioral Ecology
227(1)
Sociobiology
228(3)
Summary
231(1)
Supplemental Readings
232(1)
Internet Resources
233(2)
The Biology and Behavior of the Living Primates
235(34)
Primate Suborders
235(4)
Prosimians
235(3)
Anthropoids
238(1)
Alternative Classifications
239(1)
The Monkeys
239(7)
New World Monkeys
240(3)
Old World Monkeys
243(3)
The Hominoids
246(7)
Hominoid Characteristics
246(2)
Classification of the Hominoids
248(5)
The Living Apes
253(7)
Gibbons
253(2)
Orangutans
255(2)
Gorillas
257(2)
Chimpanzees
259(1)
Special Topic: Social Structure and Testes Size in Primates
260(6)
Bonobos
263(3)
Summary
266(1)
Supplemental Readings
266(1)
Internet Resources
267(2)
The Human Species
269(28)
Characteristics of Living Humans
270(10)
Distribution and Environment
270(1)
Brain Size and Structure
270(4)
Bipedalism
274(3)
Canine Teeth
277(1)
Sex and Reproduction
277(2)
Social Structure
279(1)
The Human Life Cycle
280(2)
Prenatal Growth
280(1)
The Pattern of Human Postnatal Growth
281(1)
Special Topic: Should Infants Sleep with Their Parents? An Evolutionary View
282(3)
The Evolution of Human Growth
283(2)
Menopause
285(1)
Is Human Behavior Unique?
285(9)
Tool Use and Manufacture
286(2)
Do Chimpanzees Have Culture?
288(1)
Language Capabilities
289(1)
What Is Language?
290(4)
Summary
294(1)
Supplemental Readings
295(1)
Internet Resources
295(2)
Primate Origins and Evolution
297(28)
The Study of the Fossil Record
298(7)
Relative Dating Methods
298(1)
Chronometric Dating Methods
299(3)
Reconstructing the Past
302(3)
Early Primate Evolution
305(7)
Overview of Early Primate Evolution
305(1)
Primate Origins
306(4)
Anthropoid Origins
310(2)
Evolution of the Miocene Hominoids
312(5)
The Diversity of Miocene Hominoids
313(1)
The Fossil Evidence
313(4)
Special Topic: The Giant Ape
317(6)
Genetic Evidence
319(2)
Conclusions
321(2)
Summary
323(1)
Supplemental Readings
323(1)
Internet Resources
323(2)
PART IV Human Evolution 325(130)
Hominid Origins
327(32)
Overview of Human Evolution
328(2)
The First Hominids
330(16)
Primitive Hominids (6--3 Ma)
331(9)
Later Hominids
340(6)
Evolutionary Trends
346(2)
Evolutionary Relationships
347(1)
Special Topic: The Piltdown Hoax
348(8)
The Origin of Bipedalism
351(5)
Summary
356(1)
Supplemental Readings
357(1)
Internet Resources
357(2)
The Evolution of the Genus Homo
359(34)
The Origin of the Genus Homo
359(5)
Early Homo
361(2)
Evolutionary Relationships
363(1)
Homo erectus
364(12)
Distribution in Time and Space
365(2)
General Physical Characteristics
367(5)
Cultural Behavior
372(4)
Archaic Humans
376(4)
Anagenesis or Cladogenesis?
377(1)
Distribution in Time and Space
378(2)
Special Topic: Neandertals: Names and Images
380(10)
Early Archaics
380(4)
The Neandertals
384(6)
Summary
390(1)
Supplemental Readings
391(1)
Internet Resources
391(2)
The Origin of Modern Humans
393(30)
Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens
393(10)
Distribution in Time and Space
394(1)
Physical Characteristics
394(2)
Cultural Behavior
396(7)
The Origin of Anatomically Modern Humans
403(6)
Early Models
404(1)
Current Models and Debates
404(2)
The Fossil Evidence
406(3)
Special Topic: The Iceman
409(8)
The Genetic Evidence
410(3)
Consensus---Mostly Out of Africa?
413(1)
Why Did Modern Humans Evolve?
414(3)
Recent Biological and Cultural Evolution in Homo sapiens
417(2)
Summary
419(2)
Supplemental Readings
421(1)
Internet Resources
421(2)
Human Biology and Culture Change
423(32)
The Biological Impact of Agriculture
424(7)
Population Growth
424(3)
Disease
427(4)
The Biological Impact of Civilization
431(2)
Urbanization and Disease
431(1)
Culture Contact
432(1)
Recent Changes
433(13)
The Epidemiologic Transition
433(5)
Secular Changes in Human Growth
438(2)
Pollution and Human Biology
440(2)
The Reemergence of Infectious Disease
442(1)
Demographic Change
443(3)
Special Topic: The Baby Boom
446(5)
Summary
451(1)
Supplemental Readings
452(1)
Internet Resources
453(2)
Epilogue The Future of Our Species 455(2)
Appendix 1 Mathematical Population Genetics 457(9)
Appendix 2 Classification of Living Primates 466(3)
Appendix 3 Conversion Factors 469(1)
Appendix 4 Comparative Primate Skeletal Anatomy 470(3)
Glossary 473(10)
References 483(14)
Index 497

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