Implicit Objects in Computer Graphics

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2002-10-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
List Price: $159.99

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Summary

Implicit definition and description of geometric objects and surfaces plays a critical role in the appearance and manipulation of computer graphics. In addition, the mathematical definition of shapes, using an implicit form, has pivotal applications for geometric modeling, visualization and animation. Until recently, the parametric form has been by far the most popular geometric representation used in computer graphics and computer-aided design. Whereas parametric objects and the techniques associated with them have been exhaustively developed, the implicit form has been used as a complementary geometric representation, mainly in the restricted context of specific applications. However, recent developments in graphics are changing this situation, and the community is beginning to draw its attention to implicit objects. This is reflected in the current research of aspects related to this subject. Employing a coherent conceptual framework, Implicit Objects in Computer Graphics addresses the role of implicitly defined objects in the following parts: mathematical foundations of geometric models, implicit formulations for the specification of shapes, implicit primitives, techniques for constructing and manipulating implicit objects, modeling, rendering and animation implicit objects. Topics and features: *Broad, conceptual approach covers the fundamental algorithms and ideas *Integrated and up-to-date overview of the main developments surrounding implicit objects *Organized and cohesive presentation combines theory and practice *Provides thorough explanation of key problems and challenges in the field

Table of Contents

Preface v
List of Figures
xv
Introduction
1(4)
Parametric versus Implicit Form
1(1)
Motivation
2(1)
Scope and Overview
3(2)
Manifolds
5(10)
Definition
5(1)
Local Charts
6(1)
Atlases and Structures
6(2)
Calculus on Manifolds
8(1)
Immersions and Embeddings
9(1)
Submanifolds
10(1)
Realizations of a Manifold
10(1)
Manifolds with Boundary
11(1)
Orientability
12(1)
Classification of Manifolds
13(1)
A Suitable Model
14(1)
Parametric and Implicit Manifolds
15(12)
Parametrizations
15(1)
Stratifications
16(1)
Piecewise Descriptions
17(2)
Implicit Description
19(1)
Regularity and Transversality
19(1)
Implicit Manifolds
20(1)
Geometric Interpretation
21(2)
Algebraic Varieties
23(1)
Algebraic Interpretation
23(1)
Parametric versus Implicit Manifolds
24(3)
Space Decompositions
27(12)
Types of Space Decompositions
27(5)
Space Partitions
28(1)
Cell Decompositions
28(1)
Affine Cell Decompositions
29(1)
Simplicial Decompositions
29(3)
Properties of Space Decompositions
32(2)
Invariance
32(1)
Uniqueness
33(1)
Minimality
33(1)
Finiteness and Local Finiteness
33(1)
Regularity
33(1)
Boundary Condition
33(1)
Refinement
33(1)
Algebraic Structure of Space Decompositions
34(1)
Spatial Data Structures
34(5)
Topological Graphs
35(1)
Trees
35(1)
N-dimensional Arrays
36(3)
Shape and Space
39(12)
Tubular Neighborhoods
39(2)
Definitions
39(1)
The Projection on the Surface
40(1)
The Maximal Tubular Neighborhood
41(1)
Medial Axes
41(2)
Definitions
42(1)
Intuition
42(1)
Characteristics
43(1)
Morse Theory
43(5)
Critical Points and the Hessian
44(1)
Morse Function
44(1)
The CW-Complex
45(1)
Distance Fields as Morse Functions
46(1)
Topology of Implicit Shapes
47(1)
Surfaces in Space
48(1)
Surfaces Structuring Space
48(1)
What Is a Good Implicit Model?
48(1)
Universal Representation
49(1)
Medial Axis Models
49(1)
Distance Function Models
50(1)
Summary
50(1)
Implicit Objects
51(12)
Definition of an Implict Object
51(2)
Mathematical Elements
53(2)
The Function f
53(1)
The Domain of f
54(1)
The Characteristic Function
54(1)
The Gradient of f
54(1)
The Hessian of f
55(1)
Geometrical Characterization
55(1)
Local Parametrization
55(1)
Orientation and Surface Normal
56(1)
Differentiable Attributes
56(4)
Geodesics
56(1)
The Gauss Map
57(1)
The Fundamental Forms
58(1)
Surface Curvature
59(1)
Computational Attributes
60(3)
Object-Oriented Approach
60(1)
Basic Functions
61(2)
Manipulating Implicit Objects
63(10)
The Implicit Function as a Metric
63(1)
Properties of the Implicit Function
64(1)
Operations on the Range of F
65(3)
Density Change
66(1)
Mapping Between Canonical Forms
67(1)
Complement
67(1)
Dilations and Erosions
68(1)
Mappings of the Embedding Space
68(2)
Affine Transformations
69(1)
Deformations
70(1)
Operations on the Domain of F
70(3)
Analytical Transformation of F
71(1)
Transformation of Points
71(1)
Transformation of the Tangent Plane
71(2)
Combining Implicit Objects
73(10)
Compound Objects
73(1)
Proper Functions
73(1)
Closure Properties of F
73(1)
Boolean Operations
74(3)
Functional Description
74(1)
Implicit CSG Objects
74(1)
Differentiable Boolean Operations
75(1)
R-Functions
76(1)
Blending Operation
77(4)
Developing a Blend
78(1)
Linear Blend
78(1)
Hyperbolic Blend
78(1)
Super-elliptic Blend
79(1)
Convolution Blend
80(1)
Global and Local Blends
81(2)
Blends as Boolean Operations
81(1)
Local Blends
81(2)
Computational Methods
83(10)
Numeric and Symbolic Computation
84(1)
Interval Arithmetic
84(1)
Root Finding
85(2)
Interval Subdivision Methods
86(1)
Fixed-Point Methods
87(1)
Sampling Implicit Objects
87(2)
Point Sampling
88(1)
Curve Sampling
89(1)
Volume Sampling
89(1)
Structuring Implicit Objects
89(4)
Space-based Structures
90(1)
Object-based Structures
90(1)
Hybrid Structures
91(2)
Approximating Implicit Objects
93(14)
Structuring and Sampling
93(1)
Polygonization Methods
94(6)
Existence of a Polygonization
95(2)
Polygonization Algorithm
97(3)
Implicit Solids
100(1)
Approximation Theory
100(2)
Classification of Polygonization Methods
102(1)
Intrinsic Decomposition
102(1)
Extrinsic Decomposition
102(1)
Extrinsic Polygonization Methods
103(4)
Non-simplicial Methods
103(1)
Simplicial Methods
104(1)
Continuation Methods
105(1)
Adaptive Methods
105(2)
Primitive Implicit Objects
107(14)
Analytical
107(7)
Plane
108(1)
Quadrics
108(1)
Torus
109(1)
Superquadrics
110(4)
Procedural
114(2)
Fractals
114(1)
Hypertexture
114(2)
Sample-Based Implicit Primitives
116(5)
Irregular Samples
116(3)
Regular Samples
119(2)
Skeleton-Based Implicit Primitives
121(10)
Point Skeletons
121(3)
Blobby Models
121(1)
Metaballs
122(1)
Soft Objects
122(1)
Other Formulations
123(1)
Curve Skeletons
124(1)
Lines
124(1)
Splines
124(1)
Surface Skeletons
125(1)
Polygon
125(1)
Height Field
126(1)
Skeletons and Blending
126(5)
Blending Schemes
126(5)
Multiscale Implicit Objects
131(12)
Multiscale Decompositions
131(2)
Dictionaries
132(1)
Non-redundant Dictionaries
133(1)
Multiresolution Analysis and Wavelets
133(3)
Multiresolution Analysis
133(1)
Detail Spaces
134(1)
Scaling Functions and Wavelets
135(1)
The Wavelet Decomposition
136(1)
The Wavelet Transform
136(1)
Wavelet Implicit Models
137(1)
The Laplacian Decomposition
137(1)
The Laplacian Transform
138(1)
The Multiscale Representation
138(2)
Data Structures
139(1)
Conversion of Implicit Objects
140(1)
Unstructured Decompositions
140(3)
Modeling
143(10)
Representation Schemes
144(3)
Properties of a Representation Scheme
144(1)
Algebraic Structure of a Representation
145(2)
Universal Representation
147(1)
The Implicit Representation
147(2)
Primitive Implicit Objects
148(1)
Composite Implicit Objects
148(1)
Shape Modifiers
149(1)
Groups of Objects
149(1)
Auxiliary Representations
149(1)
Space Subdivision Enumeration
150(1)
Polygonal Approximation
150(1)
Conversion
150(1)
Implicit to Parametric
150(1)
Parametric to Implicit
151(1)
Model Specification
151(2)
Constructive Techniques
152(1)
Free-Form Techniques
152(1)
Physically Based Techniques
152(1)
Visualization
153(12)
Points
153(1)
Curves
154(2)
Silhouette Curves
155(1)
Contour Curves
155(1)
Surfaces
156(2)
Scan Line Methods
156(1)
Polygonal Rendering
157(1)
Ray Tracing
157(1)
Volumes
158(2)
Slice Rendering
159(1)
Visualization Modes
160(1)
Progressive Refinement
160(1)
Texture Mapping
161(4)
Solid Texture
161(1)
Projection Mapping
161(1)
Particle-based Texturing
162(3)
Animation
165(8)
Animation Concepts
165(4)
Geometric Description
165(1)
Animation Rules
166(1)
Object Properties
167(1)
Composite Objects
167(1)
Constraints and Interference
168(1)
Control Modes and Simulation
168(1)
Animated Implicit Skeletons
169(1)
Particle Systems
169(1)
Articulated Objects
169(1)
Dynamic Simulation
169(1)
Metamorphosis
170(3)
Correspondence
170(1)
Interpolation
170(3)
n-Dimensional Implicit Problems
173(4)
Example of Implicit Problems
173(3)
Offset Surfaces
174(1)
Voronoi Surfaces
174(1)
Variable Radius Blend
174(1)
Shadow Computation
174(1)
Collision Detection
175(1)
Dimensionality Paradigm
176(1)
Conclusions
177(2)
Review
177(1)
Research Topics
178(1)
References 179(10)
Index 189

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