Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2004-01-01
Publisher(s): Springer Verlag
List Price: $349.99

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Summary

The age of nanotechnology is upon us. Engineering at the molecular level is no longer a computer-generated curiosity and is beginning to affect the lives of everyone. Molecules which can respond to their environment and the smart machines we can build with them are and will continue to be a vital part of this 21st-century revolution. Liming Dai presents the latest work on many newly-discovered intelligent macromolecular systems and reviews their uses in nano-devices.Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices features:- An accessible assessment of the properties and materials chemistry of all the major classes of intelligent macromolecules from optoelectronic biomacromolecules to dendrimers, artificial opals and carbon nanotubes- In-depth analysis of various smart devices including a critique of the suitability of different molecules for building each type of device- A concise compilation of the practical applications of intelligent macromolecules including sensors and actuators, polymer batteries, carbon-nanotube supercapacitors, novel lasing species and photovoltaic cellsAs an exposition of cutting-edge research against a backdrop of comprehensive review, Intelligent Macromolecules for Smart Devices will be an essential addition to the bookshelf of academic and industrial researchers in nanotechnology. Graduate and senior undergraduate students looking to make their mark in this field of the future will also find it most instructive.

Table of Contents

The Concepts of Intelligent Macromolecules and Smart Devices
1(41)
Introduction
1(3)
The Concept of Intelligent Macromolecules
4(25)
Synthetic Macromolecules
4(1)
Chain Structure and Classification
4(2)
Synthesis
6(3)
Chain Conformation
9(3)
Macromolecular Structure in Solution
12(6)
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary Structure
18(1)
Biological Macromolecules
19(1)
Structure of DNA
19(2)
Structure of Proteins
21(4)
Structure of Polysaccharides
25(2)
Carbon Nanomaterials
27(1)
Intelligent Macromolecules
28(1)
The Concept of Smart Devices
29(6)
Self-assembling and Micro-/Nano-fabrication
29(2)
Functional Structures and Smart Devices
31(4)
References
35(6)
Part I. Intelligent Macromolecules
Conducting Polymers
41(40)
Introduction
41(1)
Conjugated Conducting Polymers
42(21)
Structure and Properties
42(1)
π-π * Conjugation
42(1)
Doping
43(7)
Synthesis
50(1)
Syntheses of Soluble Conjugated Polymers
51(9)
Syntheses of Conjugated Polymer Films
60(3)
Charge Transfer Polymers
63(5)
Organic Charge Transfer Complexes
63(1)
Polymeric Charge Transfer Complexes
64(3)
Charge Transfer Between Fullerene C60 and Polymers
67(1)
Ionically Conducting Polymers
68(4)
Structural Features of Polymer Electrolytes
68(1)
Transport Properties and Chain Dynamics
69(3)
Conductively Filled Polymers
72(4)
Polymers Filled with Conductive Solids
72(4)
Polymers Filled with Conjugated Conducting Polymers
76(1)
References
76(5)
Stimuli-responsive Polymers
81(36)
Introduction
81(1)
Solvent-responsive Polymers
82(4)
Temperature-responsive Polymers
86(9)
Temperature-responsive Polymers in Solution
86(5)
Temperature-responsive Polymers on Surface
91(4)
pH-responsive Polymers
95(2)
Ionically Responsive Polymers
97(1)
Electrically Responsive Polymers
98(5)
Photoelectrochromism
103(1)
Photoresponsive Polymers
104(7)
Biochromism
111(2)
Photomodulation of Enzyme Activity
113(1)
References
113(4)
Dendrimers and Fullerenes
117(40)
Introduction
117(2)
Dendrimers
119(14)
Synthesis
119(1)
Divergent Approach
119(3)
Convergent-growth Approach
122(1)
Other Miscellaneous Approaches
123(4)
Structure
127(1)
Dendrimers with a Metal Core
127(1)
Dendrimers with a Hollow Core
127(2)
Dendrimers with a Hydrophobic Interior and Hydrophilic Exterior Layer
129(2)
Dendrimers with Guest Molecules Trapped in their Cavities
131(1)
Dendrimers with Different Terminal Groups -- Dendritic Block Copolymers
132(1)
Fullerene C60
133(17)
Chemistry of C60
134(1)
Addition Reactions
134(5)
Dimerization and Polymerization
139(1)
Polymeric Derivatives of C60
140(1)
Fullerene Charm Bracelets
141(3)
Fullerene Pearl Necklaces
144(2)
Flagellenes
146(4)
References
150(7)
Carbon Nanotubes
157(46)
Introduction
157(2)
Structure
159(1)
Property
160(5)
Synthesis
165(2)
Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWNTs)
165(1)
Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs)
166(1)
Purification
167(1)
Microfabrication
168(4)
Opening, Filling and Closing
168(2)
Filling
170(2)
Tip-closing
172(1)
Chemical Modification
172(16)
End-functionalization
173(1)
Oxidation of Carbon Nanotubes
173(1)
Covalent-Coupling via the Oxidized Nanotube Ends
174(5)
Modification of Nanotube Outerwall
179(1)
Sidewall Fluorination of Carbon Nanotubes
179(2)
The Attachment of Dichlorocarbene to the Sidewall
181(1)
Modification via 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides
181(1)
The Reaction Between Aniline and Carbon Nanotubes
182(2)
Functionalization of Carbon Nanotube Innerwall
184(1)
Other Physical Chemistries of Carbon Nanotubes
185(1)
Modification of Carbon Nanotubes via Mechanochemical Reactions
185(1)
Modification of Carbon Nanotubes via Electrochemical Reactions
186(1)
Modification of Carbon Nanotubes via Photochemical Reactions
187(1)
Non-covalent Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes
188(3)
Non-covalent Attachment of Small Molecules onto the Nanotube Sidewall
188(2)
Non-covalent Wrapping of Polymer Chains onto the Nanotube Sidewall
190(1)
Modification of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
191(5)
Plasma Activation of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
192(2)
Acid Oxidation with Structural Protection
194(1)
Electrochemical Modification of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
195(1)
References
196(7)
Part II. From Intelligent Macromolecules to Smart Devices
Ordered and Patterned Macromolecules
203(62)
Introduction
203(1)
Oriented and Patterned Conjugated Polymers
204(24)
The Necessity
204(1)
For Electronic Applications
204(1)
For Non-linear Optical Applications
205(1)
Oriented Conjugated Polymers
206(1)
Synthesis-induced Orientation
206(2)
Liquid Crystalline Conjugated Polymers
208(5)
Post-synthesis Orientation
213(2)
Patterned Conjugated Polymers
215(2)
Photolithographic Patterning
217(3)
Pattern Formation by Self-assembling
220(3)
Pattern Formation by Polymer Phase Separation
223(2)
Plasma Patterning of Conjugated Polymers
225(3)
Aligned and Patterned Carbon Nanotubes
228(24)
The Necessity
228(1)
Molecular Computing
229(1)
Electron Emitters
229(1)
For Membrane Applications
229(1)
Horizontally Aligned and Micropatterned Carbon Nanotubes
230(1)
Horizontally Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
230(2)
Micropatterns of Horizontally Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
232(4)
Perpendicularly Aligned and Micropatterned Carbon Nanotubes
236(1)
Perpendicularly Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
236(3)
Micropatterns of Perpendicularly Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
239(10)
Perpendicularly Aligned and Micropatterned Carbon Nanotubes by Self-assembly
249(3)
Aligned Non-carbon Nanotubes
252(2)
Aligned B:C:N Nanotubes
252(1)
Aligned Inorganic Nanotubes
252(1)
Aligned Polymer Nanotubes
253(1)
Aligned Peptide Nanotubes
253(1)
References
254(11)
Macromolecular Nanostructures
265(56)
Introduction
265(1)
Polymer Nanoparticles
266(3)
Polymer Nanospheres by Polymerization
266(2)
Dispersion of Pre-formed Polymers
268(1)
Polymer Nanosphere by Emulsifying Dispersion
269(1)
Polymer Nanospheres by Supercritical Fluid Method
269(1)
Self-assembling of Pre-formed Polymers
269(6)
Shell-core Polymer Nanoparticles
270(5)
Polymer Nanowires, Nanotubes and Nanofibers
275(11)
Tip-assisted Syntheses of Polymer Nanowires
275(4)
Template Syntheses of Polymer Nanowires, Nanotubes and Nanofibers
279(3)
Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers
282(4)
Polymer Nanofilms
286(14)
Polymer Nanofilms by Solution Casting
286(1)
Polymer Nanofilms by Plasma Polymerization
287(1)
Polymer Nanofilms by Langmuir-Blodgett Deposition
288(1)
Polymer Brushes by End-adsorption
289(7)
Polymer Mushrooms
296(1)
Polymer Brushes
297(3)
Nanostructured Polymers with Special Architectures
300(11)
Self-assembly of Ordered Nanoporous Polymers
300(2)
Coaxial Polymer Nanowires and Nanofibers
302(3)
Multilayered Polymer Nanofilms
305(4)
Nanostructured Polymers by Phase Separation
309(2)
References
311(10)
Part III. Smart Devices
Electronic Devices
321(36)
Introduction
321(1)
Conjugated Polymer Devices
321(9)
Electromagnetic Shielding
322(4)
Schottky Barrier Diodes and Field-effect Transistors
326(1)
Schottky Barrier Diodes
326(3)
Field-effect Transistors
329(1)
C60 Superconductivity
330(3)
Polymer Batteries and Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitors
333(5)
Conducting Polymer Batteries
333(3)
Biofuel Cells
336(1)
Carbon Nanotube Supercapacitors
337(1)
Carbon Nanotube Nanoelectronics
338(8)
Carbon Nanotube Nanowires
338(2)
Carbon Nanotube Superconductors
340(1)
Carbon Nanotube Rings
340(2)
Carbon Nanotube Nanocircuits
342(3)
Carbon Nanotube-based Random Access Memory (RAM) for Molecular Computing
345(1)
DNA Molecular Wires and DNA Computing
346(7)
DNA Molecular Wires
346(5)
DNA Computing on Chips
351(2)
References
353(4)
Photonic Devices
357(48)
Introduction
357(2)
Light-emitting Polymer Displays
359(17)
Device Construction
359(2)
Quantum Efficiency
361(3)
Interface Engineering
364(1)
Chemical Derivatization of the Metal Electrodes
364(2)
Polymer-polymer Interface
366(2)
Modification of the Charge Injection Characteristics
368(1)
Light-emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs)
368(4)
Color Tuning
372(3)
Patterned Emission
375(1)
Laser Action of Conjugated Polymers
376(2)
Carbon Nanotube Displays
378(3)
Bucky Light Bulbs and Optical Limiters
381(2)
C60 Light Bulbs
381(1)
C60 Optical Limiters
381(2)
Photovoltaic Cells
383(4)
Polymer Photovoltaic Cells Containing Fullerenes
383(2)
Polymer Photovoltaic Cells Containing Carbon Nanotubes
385(2)
Light-harvesting Dendrimers
387(5)
Electronic Windows, Electrochromic Displays and Electronic Papers
392(5)
Electrochromic Windows
392(1)
Electrochromic Displays
393(2)
Electronic Papers
395(2)
References
397(8)
Sensors and Sensor Arrays
405(56)
Introduction
405(1)
Conjugated Polymers Sensors
406(16)
Conjugated Polymer Sensors with Electrical Transducers
406(1)
Conjugated Polymer Conductometric Sensors
407(5)
Conjugated Polymer Potentiometric Sensors
412(1)
Conjugated Polymer Amperometric Sensors
412(1)
Conjugated Polymer Voltammetric Sensors
413(1)
Conjugated Polymer Sensors with Optical Transducers
413(1)
Conjugated Polymer Fluorescent Ion Chemosensors
413(5)
Conjugated Polymer Fluorescent TNT Sensors
418(2)
Conjugated Polymer Light-harvesting ``Turn-on'' Sensors
420(2)
Charge Transfer Polymer Sensors
422(1)
Ionically Conducting Polymer Sensors
422(1)
Conductively Filled Polymers Sensors
423(3)
Conductively Filled Polymer Humidity Sensors
424(1)
Conductively Filled Polymer Gas Sensors
425(1)
Conducting Polymer-coated Fabric Sensors: Smart Textiles
425(1)
Dendrimer Sensors
426(2)
Dendrimer Gas Sensors
426(1)
Dendrimer Iodine (Vapor) Sensor
426(1)
Dendrimer SO2 Gas Sensors
426(1)
Dendrimer CO Gas Sensors
427(1)
Dendrimer Sensors for Carbony1 Compounds
428(1)
Fullerene C60 Sensors
428(3)
Fullerene Humidity Sensors
428(2)
Fullerene Gas Sensors
430(1)
Carbon Nanotube Sensors
431(15)
Carbon Nanotube Gas Sensors
431(1)
Carbon Nanotube Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide Sensors
431(2)
Carbon Nanotube Hydrogen Sensors
433(1)
Carbon Nanotube Oxygen Sensors
434(1)
Carbon Nanotube Thermoelectric Nanonose
435(4)
Carbon Nanotube Carbon Dioxide Sensors
439(1)
Carbon Nanotube Pressure and Temperature Sensors
440(2)
Carbon Nanotube Chemical Force Sensors
442(1)
Carbon Nanotube Resonator Mass Sensors
443(1)
Carbon Nanotube Glucose Sensors
444(2)
DNA Sensors
446(5)
DNA Sensors Based on Oligonucleotide-functionalized Polypyrroles
447(1)
DNA Diagnostic Biosensors
447(1)
DNA Sensor for Detection of Hepatitis B Virus
447(1)
DNA Fluorescent Sensor for Lead Ions
448(1)
DNA Molecular Break Lights
449(1)
DNA Quartz Oscillators and Cantilevers
450(1)
Sensors Arrays
451(5)
Conducting Polymer ``Electronic Noses''
452(2)
DNA Arrays
454(1)
Protein Arrays
455(1)
References
456(5)
Actuators and Nanomechanical Devices
461(30)
Introduction
461(1)
Conducting Polymer Actuators
462(6)
Self-powered Actuators
465(1)
Conducting Polymer Microtweezers
466(2)
Actuators Based on Composites of Ion-exchange Polymers and Metals
468(3)
Responsive Polymer Actuators
471(4)
Carbon Nanotube Actuators
475(3)
Smart Electromechanical Devices Based on Carbon Nanotubes
478(9)
Carbon Nanotube Quantum Resistors and Nanoresonators
478(3)
Carbon Nanotube Nanoprobes
481(2)
Carbon Nanotube Nanotweezers
483(1)
Carbon Nanotube Bearings, Switches and Gears
484(3)
C60 Abacus and Fullerene Vehicles
487(1)
Smart Devices Based on Biomolecules
488(1)
Flagellar Motors
488(1)
DNA Switches
488(1)
References
489(2)
Index 491

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