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xv | |
Foreword |
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xix | |
Preface |
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xxi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xxv | |
Notation System Used in This Book |
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xxix | |
Introduction |
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xxxiii | |
Part I. Defining Market Multiples and Market Approach Methods |
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1 | (48) |
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Defining Market Value Multiples |
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3 | (21) |
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Common Equity Only versus Total Invested Capital Multiples |
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4 | (5) |
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Computing Market Value of Equity Multiples |
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9 | (1) |
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Commonly Used Market Value of Equity Multiples |
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9 | (5) |
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Computing Market Value of Invested Capital (MVIC) Multiples |
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14 | (2) |
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Commonly used MVIC Multiples |
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16 | (4) |
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Time Periods to Measure Financial Variables |
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20 | (1) |
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Relationship between Market Multiples and Capitalization Rates |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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The Guideline Public Company Method |
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24 | (9) |
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25 | (1) |
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Availability of Public Company Data |
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26 | (2) |
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Analytical Data for Public Companies |
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28 | (1) |
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The Guideline Pubic Company Basic Procedure |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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The Guideline Merged and Acquired Company Method |
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33 | (9) |
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Differences in Transaction Structure |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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Availability of Merged and Acquired Company Transaction Data |
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36 | (2) |
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How Far Back in Time Are Transactions Relevant? |
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38 | (1) |
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The Guideline Merger and Acquisition Basic Procedure |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (2) |
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42 | (7) |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (2) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
Part II. Finding and Analyzing Comparative Market Transaction Data |
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49 | (66) |
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Finding Public Company Market Transaction Data |
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51 | (4) |
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51 | (1) |
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Secondary Sources for SEC Reporting Companies |
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52 | (1) |
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Publicly Registered Limited Partnership Data |
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53 | (1) |
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Sources for Nonreporting Companies |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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Finding Merger and Acquisition Market Data |
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55 | (17) |
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56 | (2) |
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Middle Market and Small Transactions |
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58 | (4) |
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62 | (9) |
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71 | (1) |
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Adjusting Financial Statements |
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72 | (9) |
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Choosing the Time Periods for Comparative Statements |
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73 | (1) |
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Objectives of Financial Statement Adjustments |
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74 | (1) |
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Adjustments for Nonoperating or Excess Assets |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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Adjustments for Accounting Comparability |
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77 | (2) |
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Adjustments for ``Insider'' Anomalies |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Comparative Financial Analysis |
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81 | (34) |
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Types of Comparative Financial Analysis |
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82 | (1) |
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Sources of Comparative Financial Analysis |
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83 | (13) |
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96 | (16) |
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112 | (3) |
Part III. Compiling Market Value Tables and Reaching a Value Conclusion |
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115 | (42) |
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Compiling Useful Market Value Tables |
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117 | (14) |
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Two Distinct Alternatives in Market Multiples |
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118 | (1) |
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Examples of Market Value Tables |
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119 | (8) |
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127 | (4) |
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Selecting, Weighting, and Adjusting Market Value Multiples |
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131 | (5) |
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Size and Nature of Company |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (1) |
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Dispersion of Market Value Multiples |
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133 | (1) |
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The Harmonic Mean as a Measure of Central Tendency |
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133 | (1) |
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Adjusting from Observed Market Value Multiples |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Control Premiums and Minority Discounts |
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136 | (9) |
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Prerogatives of Control Ownership |
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137 | (1) |
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Quantifying Control Premiums and Minority Discounts |
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138 | (3) |
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How the Standard of Value Affects Control Premiums and/or Minority Discounts |
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141 | (2) |
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The Control versus Minority Issue Covers a Spectrum |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Discounts for lack of Marketability |
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145 | (12) |
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Defining Discount for Lack of Marketability |
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145 | (1) |
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Applying the Discount for Lack of Marketability |
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146 | (1) |
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Market Evidence Regarding the Discount for Lack of Marketability for Minority Interests |
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147 | (3) |
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Regulatory and Court Acceptance of Empirical Lack of Marketability Studies |
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150 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting Magnitudes of Marketability Discounts |
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152 | (1) |
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Discounts for Lack of Marketability for Controlling Interests |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
Part IV. Sample Market Approach Cases |
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157 | (72) |
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Small-Size Service Company Sample Case--Sub Shop |
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159 | (26) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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Financial Statement Analysis |
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160 | (7) |
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Identification and Selection of Market Data |
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167 | (13) |
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Identification and Selection of Valuation Multiples |
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180 | (1) |
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Valuation of Wildcat Subs |
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181 | (3) |
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Reconciling Value Conclusions |
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184 | (1) |
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Addendum if Valuing for Other Purposes |
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184 | (1) |
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Medium-Size Service Company Sample Case--Software Developer |
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185 | (44) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Fundamental Position of the Company |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (3) |
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Financial Statement Analysis |
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193 | (18) |
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Identification and Application of Valuation Multiples |
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211 | (11) |
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Valuation of Colossal Software |
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222 | (7) |
Part V. Important Aspects of Using the Market Approach |
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229 | (48) |
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Reconciling Market Approach Values with Income and Asset Approach Values |
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231 | (11) |
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Did We Appraise the Correct Property? |
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231 | (1) |
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Conformance to the Required Definition of Value |
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232 | (1) |
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Relative Adequacy and Reliability of Data |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Relationship between Market Multiples and Discount or Capitalization Rates |
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233 | (4) |
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What to Do When Reconciliation Efforts Fail |
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237 | (2) |
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Explicit versus Implicit Weighting |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (2) |
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Does Size Matter? Evidence from Empirical Data |
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242 | (10) |
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Evidence from Market Approach Data |
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242 | (1) |
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Evidence from Income Approach Data |
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243 | (8) |
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251 | (1) |
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Common Errors in Implementing the Market Approach |
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252 | (11) |
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Inadequate Selection of Guideline Companies |
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253 | (1) |
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Indiscriminate Use of Average (or Median) Multiples |
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254 | (1) |
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Failing to Consider Guideline Company Financial Statement Adjustments |
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254 | (1) |
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Failure to Conduct a Site Visit and Management Reviews |
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255 | (1) |
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Making Inappropriate or Unsupported Financial Statement Adjustments |
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256 | (1) |
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Applying Multiples to Inconsistently Defined Data |
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257 | (1) |
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Failure to Match Time Periods |
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257 | (1) |
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Reliance on Rules of Thumb |
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258 | (1) |
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Failure to Account for Excess or Deficient Cash |
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259 | (1) |
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Failure to Adjust for Differences in Deal Terms and Structure |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Failing to Apply Appropriate Discounts and Premiums |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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The Dismal Track Record to U.S. Market Acquisitions |
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263 | (6) |
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263 | (2) |
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Why Buyers Overpay: The Hubris Effect |
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265 | (2) |
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The Frog-Kissing Princess |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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The Market Approach in the Courts |
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269 | (8) |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (1) |
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Dissenting Stockholder, Minority Oppression, and Other Shareholder Disputes |
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273 | (2) |
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|
275 | (2) |
Appendixes |
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277 | (58) |
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Appendixes A Bibliography |
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|
279 | (10) |
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Appendixes B Data Resources |
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|
289 | (21) |
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Appendixes C International Glossary of Business Valuation Terms |
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310 | (8) |
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Appendixes D The Quantitative Marketability Discount Model |
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318 | (11) |
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Appendixes E Pratt's Stats Data Contributors |
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329 | (6) |
CPE Self-Study Examination |
|
335 | (10) |
Index |
|
345 | |