Practices of Looking, Third Edition, bridges visual, communication, media, and cultural studies to investigate how images and the activity of looking carry meaning within and between different arenas in everyday life. The third edition has been updated to represent the contemporary visual cultural landscape and includes topics like the increasingly rapid global circulation of media, the rise of design and DIY cultures, digital media art and activism, and challenges to photojournalism and news media. Challenging yet accessible, Practices of Looking, Third Edition, is ideal for courses across a range of disciplines.

Marita Sturken is Professor of Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University.

Lisa Cartwright is Professor of Communication and Science Studies at the University of California, San Diego.

Acknowledgements
Introduction

Chapter 1. Images, Power, and Politics
Representation
Vision and Visuality
The Myth of Photographic Truth
Myth, Connotation, and the Meaning of Images
Semiotics and Signs
Images and Ideology
Image Icons

Chapter 2. Viewers Make Meaning
Producers' Intended Meanings
Aesthetics and Taste
Value, Collecting, and Institutional Critique
Reading Images as Ideological Subjects
Viewing Strategies
Appropriation and Re-Appropriation

Chapter 3. Modernity: Spectatorship, the Gaze, and Power
Modernity
Modernism
The Concept of the Modern Subject
Spectatorship and the Gaze
Power and the Surveillance Gaze
The Other
Gender and the Gaze
Gaming and the Gaze

Chapter 4. Realism and Perspective: From Renaissance Painting to Digital Media
Perspective
Perspective and the Body
The Camera Obscura
Challenges to Perspective
Perspective in Digital Media

Chapter 5. Visual Technologies, Reproduction, and the Copy
Visualization and Technology
Visual Technologies
The Reproduced Image and the Copy
Walter Benjamin and Mechanical Reproduction
The Politics of Reproducibility
Ownership and Copyright
Reproduction and the Digital Image
3D Reproduction and Simulation

Chapter 6. Media in Everyday Life
The Media, Singular and Plural
Everyday Life
Mass Culture and Mass Media
Critiques of Mass Culture
Media Infrastructures
Media as Nation and Public Sphere
Democracy and Citizen Journalism
Global Media Events

Chapter 7. Brand Culture: The Images and Spaces of Consumption
The Rise of Brands as Image, Symbol, and Icon
The Spaces of Modern Consumerism
Brands in Consumer Society
Social Awareness and the Selling of Humanitarianism
Social Media, Consumer Data, and the Changing Spaces of Consumption
DIY Culture and the Share Economy, and New Entrepreneurism

Chapter 8. Postmodernism: Irony, Parody, and Pastiche
Postmodernity/Postmodernism
Simulation and the Politics of Postmodernity
Reflexivity and Distanced Knowing
Jaded Knowing and Irony
Remix and Parody
Pastiche
Postmodern Space, Architecture, and Design

Chapter 9. Scientific Looking, Looking at Science
Opening Up the Body to the Empirical Medical Gaze
Medicine as Spectacle: The Anatomical and Surgical
Theater
Evidence, Classification, and Identification
Bodily Interiors and Biomedical Personhood
The Genetic and Digital Body
Visualizing Pharmaceuticals and Science Activism

Chapter 10. The Global Flow of Visual Culture
The History of Global Image Reproduction
Concepts of Globalization
The World Image
Global Television
The Global Flow of Film
Social Movements, Indigenous Media, and Visual Activism
The Global Museum and Contests of Culture
Refugees and Borders

Glossary
Credits
Index