Preface |
|
v | |
Part I Context |
|
|
|
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
Overview of Ecosystem Ecology |
|
|
3 | (4) |
|
History of Ecosystem Ecology |
|
|
7 | (3) |
|
|
10 | (1) |
|
Controls over Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
11 | (2) |
|
Human-Caused Changes in Earth's Ecosystems |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
|
16 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
|
18 | (3) |
|
|
21 | (7) |
|
Atmospheric Composition and Chemistry |
|
|
21 | (1) |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
|
24 | (4) |
|
|
28 | (3) |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
Landform Effects on Climate |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Vegetation Influences on Climate |
|
|
32 | (2) |
|
Temporal Variability in Climate |
|
|
34 | (7) |
|
|
34 | (4) |
|
Interannual Climate Variability |
|
|
38 | (2) |
|
Seasonal and Daily Variations |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Relationship of Climate to Ecosystem Distribution and Structure |
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
Controls over Soil Formation |
|
|
46 | (4) |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
49 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
|
50 | (3) |
|
Development of Soil Profiles |
|
|
53 | (5) |
|
|
54 | (1) |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Soil Horizons and Soil Classification |
|
|
58 | (3) |
|
Soil Properties and Ecosystem Functioning |
|
|
61 | (5) |
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (1) |
|
|
67 | (4) |
Part II Mechanisms |
|
|
Terrestrial Water and Energy Balance |
|
|
|
|
71 | (2) |
|
|
73 | (4) |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem Radiation Budget |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
75 | (2) |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Water Inputs to Ecosystems |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
Water Movements Within Ecosystems |
|
|
78 | (11) |
|
Basic Principles of Water Movement |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
Water Movement from the Canopy to the Soil |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
Water Movement Within the Soil |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
Water Movement from Soil to Roots |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
Water Movement Through Plants |
|
|
83 | (6) |
|
Water Losses from Ecosystems |
|
|
89 | (6) |
|
Evaporation from Wet Canopies |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
Evapotranspiration from Dry Canopies |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
|
93 | (2) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
|
96 | (1) |
|
Carbon Input to Terrestrial Ecosystems |
|
|
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
|
98 | (7) |
|
|
98 | (4) |
|
|
102 | (1) |
|
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Photosynthesis |
|
|
103 | (2) |
|
Net Photosynthesis by Individual Leaves |
|
|
105 | (10) |
|
Basic Principle of Environmental Control |
|
|
105 | (1) |
|
|
105 | (4) |
|
|
109 | (1) |
|
Nitrogen Limitation and Photosynthetic Capacity |
|
|
110 | (3) |
|
|
113 | (1) |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (1) |
|
|
115 | (6) |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
Satellite Estimates of GPP |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
|
119 | (2) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial Production Processes |
|
|
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
|
123 | (2) |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
Physiological Basis of Respiration |
|
|
125 | (2) |
|
|
127 | (5) |
|
|
127 | (1) |
|
Physiological Controls over NPP |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Environmental Controls over NPP |
|
|
129 | (3) |
|
|
132 | (4) |
|
|
132 | (1) |
|
Allocation Response to Multiple Resources |
|
|
133 | (1) |
|
Diurnal and Seasonal Cycles of Allocation |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Global Distribution of Biomass and NPP |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
Biome Differences in Biomass |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
|
138 | (2) |
|
|
140 | (8) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (4) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
Controls over Net Ecosystem Production |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
|
147 | (1) |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (1) |
|
|
149 | (2) |
|
Terrestrial Decomposition |
|
|
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (4) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
155 | (2) |
|
Temporal and Spatial Heterogeneity of Decomposition |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (1) |
|
Factors Controlling Decomposition |
|
|
159 | (10) |
|
|
159 | (4) |
|
Substrate Quality and Quantity |
|
|
163 | (5) |
|
Microbial Community Composition and Enzymatic Capacity |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
Long-Term Storage of Soil Organic Matter |
|
|
169 | (1) |
|
Decomposition at the Ecosystem Scale |
|
|
170 | (4) |
|
Aerobic Heterotrophic Respiration |
|
|
170 | (3) |
|
Anaerobic Heterotrophic Respiration |
|
|
173 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
174 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial Plant Nutrient Use |
|
|
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
|
176 | (1) |
|
Nutrient Movement to the Root |
|
|
177 | (3) |
|
|
178 | (1) |
|
|
178 | (2) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
|
180 | (9) |
|
|
180 | (1) |
|
Development of Root Length |
|
|
181 | (1) |
|
|
182 | (2) |
|
|
184 | (5) |
|
|
189 | (2) |
|
Nutrient Loss from Plants |
|
|
191 | (3) |
|
|
192 | (1) |
|
Leaching Loss from Plants |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
|
193 | (1) |
|
Other Avenues of Nutrient Loss from Plants |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
194 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (1) |
|
|
195 | (2) |
|
Terrestrial Nutrient Cycling |
|
|
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
Nitrogen Inputs to Ecosystems |
|
|
198 | (4) |
|
Biological Nitrogen Fixation |
|
|
198 | (3) |
|
|
201 | (1) |
|
Internal Cycling of Nitrogen |
|
|
202 | (9) |
|
Overview of Mineralization |
|
|
202 | (1) |
|
Production and Fate of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Production and Fate of Ammonium |
|
|
204 | (3) |
|
Production and Fate of Nitrate |
|
|
207 | (3) |
|
Temporal and Spatial Variability |
|
|
210 | (1) |
|
Pathways of Nitrogen Loss |
|
|
211 | (4) |
|
Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
|
211 | (3) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (7) |
|
|
215 | (4) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
Interactions Among Element Cycles |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Aquatic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling |
|
|
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
|
224 | (4) |
|
|
228 | (8) |
|
Carbon and Light Availability |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
Carbon and Nutrient Cycling |
|
|
233 | (3) |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
|
236 | (2) |
|
Carbon and Nutrient Cycling |
|
|
238 | (1) |
|
|
238 | (4) |
|
Carbon and Nutrient Cycling |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
242 | (1) |
|
|
243 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
|
244 | (2) |
|
Plant-Based Trophic Systems |
|
|
246 | (15) |
|
Controls over Energy Flow Through Ecosystems |
|
|
246 | (4) |
|
|
250 | (7) |
|
Food Chain Length and Trophic Cascades |
|
|
257 | (1) |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (2) |
|
Detritus-Based Trophic Systems |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
Mixing of Plant-Based and Detritus-Based Food Chains |
|
|
261 | (2) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Community Effects on Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (2) |
|
Species Effects on Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
268 | (5) |
|
Species Effects on Resources |
|
|
268 | (3) |
|
Species Effects on Climate |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Species Effects on Disturbance Regime |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Species Interactions and Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
Diversity Effects on Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
274 | (3) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (3) |
Part III Patterns |
|
|
|
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
Fluctuations in Ecosystem Processes |
|
|
281 | (4) |
|
|
281 | (2) |
|
|
283 | (2) |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
|
285 | (1) |
|
|
285 | (3) |
|
|
288 | (13) |
|
Ecosystem Structure and Composition |
|
|
288 | (4) |
|
|
292 | (4) |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
|
298 | (1) |
|
Water and Energy Exchange |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Temporal Scaling of Ecological Processes |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Landscape Heterogeneity and Ecosystem Dynamics |
|
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Concepts of Landscape Heterogeneity |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
Causes of Spatial Heterogeneity |
|
|
307 | (7) |
|
State Factors and Interactive Controls |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Community Processes and Legacies |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
Interactions Among Sources of Heterogeneity |
|
|
311 | (3) |
|
Patch Interactions on the Landscape |
|
|
314 | (7) |
|
Topographic and Land-Water Interactions |
|
|
314 | (3) |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
Movement of Plants and Animals on the Landscape |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Human Land Use Change and Landscape Heterogeneity |
|
|
321 | (4) |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
|
323 | (2) |
|
Spatial Heterogeneity and Scaling |
|
|
325 | (5) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (4) |
Part IV Integration |
|
|
Global Biogeochemical Cycles |
|
|
|
|
335 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (7) |
|
Long-Term Change in Atmospheric CO2 |
|
|
337 | (2) |
|
Anthropogenic Changes in the Carbon Cycle |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Terrestrial Sinks for CO2 |
|
|
340 | (2) |
|
The Global Methane Budget |
|
|
342 | (1) |
|
The Global Nitrogen Cycle |
|
|
343 | (4) |
|
Anthropogenic Changes in the Nitrogen Cycle |
|
|
344 | (3) |
|
The Global Phosphorus Cycle |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Anthropogenic Changes in the Phosphorus Cycle |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
|
348 | (2) |
|
|
350 | (4) |
|
Anthropogenic Changes in the Water Cycle |
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
Consequences of Changes in the Water Cycle |
|
|
352 | (2) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Managing and Sustaining Ecosystems |
|
|
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Ecosystem Concepts in Management |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
State Factors and Interactive Controls |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Application of Ecosystem Knowledge in Management |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
Management for Endangered Species |
|
|
360 | (2) |
|
Integrative Approaches to Ecosystem Management |
|
|
362 | (6) |
|
|
362 | (3) |
|
Integrated Conservation and Development Projects |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
Valuation of Ecosystem Goods and Services |
|
|
366 | (2) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
Abbreviations |
|
371 | (4) |
Glossary |
|
375 | (18) |
References |
|
393 | (30) |
Index |
|
423 | |