Research Methods (with InfoTrac),9780534524180

Research Methods (with InfoTrac)

by ;
Edition: 6th
ISBN13: 9780534524180
ISBN10: 0534524184
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2003-07-15
Publisher(s): Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

1. Psychology and Science. 2. Developing a Research Question. 3. Ethics in Research. 4. Writing in Psychology. 5. Variables. 6. Tabular and Graphical Descriptions of Data. 7. Validity. 8. Control. 9. Nonexperimental Research, Part 1: Observational, Archival, and Case-Study Research. 10. Nonexperimental Research Part 2: Survey Research. 11. True Experiments, Part 1: Single Factor Designs. 12. True Experiments, Part 2: Factorial Designs. 13. Single-Subject Experiments. 14. Quasi Experiments. 15. Epilogue: Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology. Appendix A: Review of Statistics. Appendix B: Random-Number Table. Appendix C: Population Data Set. Appendix D: Suggested Answers to "Reading Between the Lines". Appendix E: Key for Identifying Appropriate Graphs and Statistics.

Table of Contents

1 Psychology and Science 1(29)
Ways of Knowing about Behavior
1(4)
Nonempirical Methods
2(1)
Empirical Methods
3(2)
What Is Science?
5(4)
Characteristics of Science
6(3)
The Relation Between Science and Nonscience
9(1)
Working Assumptions of Science
9(3)
The Reality of the World
9(1)
Rationality
10(1)
Regularity
10(1)
Discoverability
11(1)
Causality
11(1)
The Goals of Science
12(10)
The Discovery of Regularities
12(4)
The Development of Theories
16(2)
The Role of Theories
18(2)
Hypotheses in Science
20(1)
The Nature of Scientific Progress
20(1)
A Note on Psychology and Science
21(1)
Summary
22(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
23(1)
A Case in Point
24(3)
Reading Between the Lines
27(2)
Exercises
29(1)
2 Developing a Research Question 30(20)
Choice of a Problem
30(1)
The Literature Review
31(1)
Using the Internet
32(6)
Guidelines for Evaluating Information from the Internet
33(1)
Search Engines
34(1)
Government and Organizational Web Sites
34(1)
Some Individual Web Sites for Psychology
35(1)
Proprietary Web Sites
35(2)
Email
37(1)
Psychology Databases
38(1)
An Extended Internet Search Example: Waist-Hip Ratio and Attractiveness
38(6)
Inter-Library Loan
43(1)
After You Locate the Important Articles
44(1)
The Research Question
45(1)
The Proposal
45(1)
Summary
46(1)
Exercises
47(3)
3 Ethics in Research 50(26)
The APA Ethics Code
59(1)
Commentary on Responsibility
51(1)
Commentary on Protection from Harm
52(2)
Commentary on Informed Consent
54(1)
Commentary on Privacy and Freedom from Coercion
54(2)
Commentary on Deception
56(1)
Commentary on Debriefing
57(2)
Fraud in Research
59(2)
Role of the Research Participant
60(1)
Ethics and Animal Experimentation
61(5)
Animal Rights and Animal Welfare
62(1)
Speciesism?
62(2)
The Case of the Silver Spring Monkeys
64(2)
Nuts and Bolts
66(1)
Summary
67(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
68(1)
A Case in Point
68(5)
Reading Between the Lines
73(1)
Exercises
74(2)
4 Writing in Psychology 76(42)
The Written Report
77(25)
General
77(2)
Avoiding Sexism and Ethnic Bias in Writing
79(1)
The Parts of a Paper
80(3)
Documenting Your Paper
83(4)
Steps in the Publication Process
87(15)
Oral Presentations
102(1)
Poster Presentations
103(1)
Nuts and Bolts
104(5)
Summary
109(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
110(1)
A Case in Point
110(5)
Reading Between the Lines
115(2)
Exercises
117(1)
5 Variables 118(22)
Types of Variables
119(3)
Dependent and Independent Variables
119(1)
Confounded Variables
120(1)
Quantitative and Categorical Variables
121(1)
Continuous and Discrete Variables
121(1)
Measurement
122(6)
What Is Measurement?
122(1)
Types of Measurement Scales
123(2)
Comparison of the Scales
125(2)
Measurement and Statistics?
127(1)
Reliability and Validity of Measurements
128(3)
Variability and Error
128(1)
Validity of Measurements
129(2)
Nuts and Bolts
131(2)
Summary
133(2)
Suggestions for Further Reading
135(1)
A Case in Point
135(1)
Reading Between the Lines
135(2)
Exercises
137(3)
6 Tabular and Graphical Description of Data 140(29)
Tables and Graphs of Frequency Data of One Variable
141(4)
Frequency Tables
141(1)
Frequency Distributions
142(2)
Cumulative Frequency Distributions
144(1)
Percentiles
144(1)
Tables and Graphs That Show the Relationship Between Two Variables
145(4)
Scattergrams
146(1)
Tables with One Independent and One Dependent Variable
147(1)
Graphs of Functions (Line Graphs)
148(1)
Bar Graphs
148(1)
Relation Between Frequency Distributions and Other Graphs
149(3)
Time-Series Graphs
152(1)
Indicating Variability of the Data in a Graph
153(1)
Preparing Data for Analysis
154(7)
Data Reduction
155(1)
The Coding Guide
156(1)
Checking for Invalid Data, Missing Data, and Outliers
157(3)
Proceeding with the Analysis
160(1)
Nuts and Bolts
161(2)
Summary
163(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
164(1)
A Case in Point
164(1)
Reading Between the Lines
165(3)
Exercises
168(1)
7 Validity 169(20)
Types of Validity
169(4)
Internal Validity
170(1)
Construct Validity
171(1)
External Validity
172(1)
Statistical Validity
173(1)
Threats to Validity
173(6)
Threats to Internal Validity
173(3)
Threats to Construct Validity
176(1)
Threats to External Validity
177(2)
Threats to Statistical Validity
179(1)
Summary Note on Validity
179(1)
Nuts and Bolts
179(3)
Summary
182(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
183(1)
A Case in Point
183(2)
Reading Between the Lines
185(1)
Exercises
186(3)
8 Control 189(25)
The Concept of Control
189(3)
Control Provides a Standard of Comparison
190(1)
Control Reduces Variability
191(1)
General Strategies
192(2)
Control in the Laboratory
192(1)
The Research Setting as a Preparation
193(1)
Instrumentation of the Response as Control
194(1)
Specific Strategies
194(9)
Subject as Own Control (Within-Subjects Control)
194(2)
Random Assignment
196(2)
Matching
198(1)
Building Nuisance Variables into the Experiment
199(2)
Statistical Control
201(2)
Replication, Replication
203(2)
Experimental Design as Problem Solving
205(1)
The Elegant Experiment
205(1)
How to Use the Rest of This Book
206(1)
Nuts and Bolts
206(3)
Summary
209(2)
Suggestion for Further Reading
211(1)
A Case in Point
211(1)
Reading Between the Lines
212(1)
Exercise
213(1)
9 Nonexperimental Research, Part 1: Observational, Archival, and Case-Study Research 214(24)
The Hermeneutic Approach
216(1)
Observational Research
216(7)
Naturalistic Observation
217(4)
Participant-Observer Research
221(2)
Archival Research
223(1)
Case Studies
224(1)
Theory Development and Testing in Observational and Archival Research
225(2)
Nuts and Bolts
227(4)
Summary
231(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
232(1)
A Case in Point
232(3)
Reading Between the Lines
235(2)
Exercises
237(1)
10 Nonexperimental Research, Part 2: Survey Research 238(27)
How a Questionnaire Is Designed
238(1)
Determine the Purpose of the Questionnaire
239(1)
Determine the Types of Questions
239(5)
Write the Items
240(4)
Determine How the Data Will Be Analyzed
244(1)
Administering the Questionnaire
244(3)
Determine the Method of Administration
244(2)
The Problem of Response Rate
246(1)
Sampling
247(7)
Types of Samples
247(1)
Probability Samples and Random Selection
248(5)
Summary of Sampling Procedures
253(1)
Nuts and Bolts
254(2)
Summary
256(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
256(1)
A Case in Point
257(2)
Reading Between the Lines
259(1)
Exercises
260(5)
11 True Experiments, Part 1: Single-Factor Designs 265(21)
True Experiments
265(1)
Factors, Levels, Conditions, and Treatments
266(1)
Some Designs to Avoid
266(3)
The One-Group Posttest-Only Design
267(1)
The Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Control Groups
267(1)
The One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
268(1)
The Basic Elements of a Valid Experimental Design
269(1)
Within-Subjects Designs
270(7)
Controlling for Order and Sequence Effects
270(4)
Two Conditions, Tested Within Subjects
274(1)
Multiple Conditions, Tested Within Subjects
275(2)
Between-Subjects Designs
277(2)
Two Conditions, Tested Between Subjects
277(1)
Multiple Conditions, Tested Between Subjects
277(2)
Summary
279(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
280(1)
A Case in Point
280(2)
Reading Between the Lines
282(2)
Exercises
284(2)
12 True Experiments, Part 2: Factorial Designs 286(23)
A Simple Factorial Design
288(1)
Main Effects
289(1)
Interactions
290(4)
Interactions When There Is No Main Effect
291(3)
Types of Interactions
294(1)
Within-Subjects, Between-Subjects, and Mixed Designs
294(6)
Advantages of Within-Subjects Designs
299(1)
Control in Within-Subjects Factorial Experiments
299(1)
Some Representative Factorial Designs
300(2)
Factorial, Within-Subjects
300(1)
Factorial, Between-Subjects
301(1)
A Mixed Factorial Design
301(1)
Summary
302(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
303(1)
A Case in Point
303(1)
Reading Between the Lines
304(2)
Exercises
306(3)
13 Single-Participant Experiments 309(21)
Advantages of the Single-Participant Approach
310(3)
Focusing on Individual Performance
311(1)
Focusing on Big Effects
312(1)
Avoiding Ethical and Practical Problems
313(1)
Flexibility in Design
313(1)
Disadvantages of the Single-Participant Approach
313(1)
Basic Control Strategies in Single-Participant Research
314(10)
Obtaining a Stable Baseline
314(1)
Comparison (AB Design)
315(1)
Withdrawal of Treatment (ABA Design)
315(1)
Repeating Treatments (ABAB Design)
315(3)
Changing Only One Variable at a Time
318(1)
Using Multiple Baselines
319(2)
Employing a Changing Criterion
321(1)
Two Examples from Psychophysics
321(3)
Summary
324(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
325(1)
A Case in Point
326(1)
Reading Between the Lines
326(2)
Exercises
328(2)
14 Quasi Experiments 330(31)
The Principal Difference Between Quasi Experiments and True Experiments
330(3)
Other Features of Quasi Experiments
332(1)
Which Is the Best Research Method?
332(1)
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs
333(3)
Mixed Factorial Design with One Nonmanipulated Variable
336(1)
Designs Without Control Groups
336(5)
Interrupted Time-Series Designs
337(3)
Repeated-Treatment Designs
340(1)
Designs to Test Developmental Changes
341(4)
Program Evaluation
345(5)
Sources of Resistance to Program Evaluations
346(1)
Steps in Planning an Evaluation
347(2)
Two Examples of Program Evaluation
349(1)
Nuts and Bolts
350(3)
Summary
353(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
354(1)
A Case in Point
355(2)
Reading Between the Lines
357(2)
Exercises
359(2)
Epilogue Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology 361(12)
Biases
362(3)
Science as Conservative
362(2)
Science as Liberal
364(1)
Limitations of Science
365(3)
Essential Limitations
366(2)
Practical Limitations
368(1)
The Responsibilities of the Scientist
368(1)
Summary Note on Biases and Limitations of Science
369(1)
Summary
370(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading
371(1)
Reading Between the Lines
371(1)
Exercises
372(1)
Appendix A Review of Statistics 373(33)
Some Basic Terms
373(1)
Descriptive Statistics
374(11)
Measures of Central Tendency
374(3)
Measures of Variability
377(3)
Correlation and Regression
380(5)
Inferential Statistics
385(21)
Sampling Distributions
385(2)
Testing Hypotheses
387(2)
Dealing with Uncertainty in Hypothesis Testing
389(3)
The Significance of Significance
392(1)
Effect Size
393(1)
Analysis of Variance
394
Exercises 401
Appendix B Random-Number Table 406(2)
Appendix C Population Data Set 408(2)
Appendix D Suggested Answers to "Reading Between the Lines" 410(7)
Appendix E Key for Identifying Appropriate Graphs and Statistics 417(4)
References 421(8)
Indexes 429

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