The Robotics Primer

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Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2007-08-17
Publisher(s): The MIT Press
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Summary

The Robotics Primeroffers a broadly accessible introduction to robotics for students at pre-university and university levels, robot hobbyists, and anyone interested in this burgeoning field. The text takes the reader from the most basic concepts (including perception and movement) to the most novel and sophisticated applications and topics (humanoids, shape-shifting robots, space robotics), with an emphasis on what it takes to create autonomous intelligent robot behavior. The core concepts of robotics are carried through from fundamental definitions to more complex explanations, all presented in an engaging, conversational style that will appeal to readers of different backgrounds. The Robotics Primercovers such topics as the definition of robotics, the history of robotics ("Where do Robots Come From?"), robot components, locomotion, manipulation, sensors, control, control architectures, representation, behavior ("Making Your Robot Behave"), navigation, group robotics, learning, and the future of robotics (and its ethical implications). To encourage further engagement, experimentation, and course and lesson design, The Robotics Primeris accompanied by a free robot programming exercise workbook. The Robotics Primeris unique as a principled, pedagogical treatment of the topic that is accessible to a broad audience; the only prerequisites are curiosity and attention. It can be used effectively in an educational setting or more informally for self-instruction. The Robotics Primeris a springboard for readers of all backgrounds--including students taking robotics as an elective outside the major, graduate students preparing to specialize in robotics, and K-12 teachers who bring robotics into their classrooms.

Author Biography

Maja J. Matarić is Professor of Computer Science and Neuroscience and Director of the Center for Robotics and Embedded Systems at the University of Southern California, where she is also Codirector of the Robotics Research Lab and Senior Associate Dean for research in the Viterbi School of Engineering.

Table of Contents

Prefacep. xv
What Is a Robot?p. 1
Defining Robotics
Where Do Robots Come From?p. 7
A Brief but Gripping History of Robotics
Control Theoryp. 7
Cyberneticsp. 8
Grey Walter's Tortoisep. 9
Braitenberg's Vehiclesp. 11
Artificial Intelligencep. 13
What's in a Robot?p. 19
Robot Components
Embodimentp. 20
Sensingp. 21
Actionp. 24
Brains and Brawnp. 25
Autonomyp. 26
Arms, Legs, Wheels, Tracks, and What Really Drives Themp. 29
Effectors and Actuators
Active vs. Passive Actuationp. 30
Types of Actuatorsp. 31
Motorsp. 32
Direct Current (DC) Motorsp. 32
Gearingp. 3
Servo Motorsp. 37
Degrees of Freedomp. 38
Move It!p. 47
Locomotion
Stabilityp. 48
Moving and Gaitsp. 51
Wheels and Steeringp. 53
Staying on the Path vs. Getting Therep. 55
Grasping at Strawsp. 59
Manipulation
Endeffectorsp. 59
Teleoperationp. 60
Why Is Manipulation Hard?p. 62
What's Going On?p. 69
Sensors
Levels of Processingp. 73
Switch on the Lightp. 81
Simple Sensors
Passive vs. Active Sensorsp. 81
Switchesp. 82
Light Sensorsp. 84
Polarized Lightp. 86
Reflective Optosensorsp. 86
Reflectance Sensorsp. 88
Infra Red Lightp. 89
Modulation and Demodulation of Lightp. 90
Break Beam Sensorsp. 90
Shaft Encodersp. 91
Resistive Position Sensorsp. 94
Potentiometersp. 95
Sonars, Lasers, and Camerasp. 97
Complex Sensors
Ultrasonic or Sonar Sensingp. 97
Sonar Before and Beyond Roboticsp. 100
Specular Reflectionp. 101
Laser Sensingp. 104
Visual Sensingp. 107
Camerasp. 108
Edge Detectionp. 110
Model-Based Visionp. 112
Motion Visionp. 113
Stereo Visionp. 114
Texture, Shading, Contoursp. 115
Biological Visionp. 116
Vision for Robotsp. 117
Stay in Controlp. 121
Feedback Control
Feedback or Closed Loop Controlp. 121
The Many Faces of Errorp. 122
An Example of a Feedback Control Robotp. 124
Types of Feedback Controlp. 126
Proportional Controlp. 126
Derivative Controlp. 128
Integral Controlp. 129
PD and PID Controlp. 130
Feedforward or Open Loop Controlp. 131
The Building Blocks of Controlp. 135
Control Architectures
Who Needs Control Architectures?p. 135
Languages for Programming Robotsp. 137
And the Architectures are...p. 139
Timep. 141
Modularityp. 141
Representationp. 142
What's in Your Head?p. 145
Representation
The Many Ways to Make a Mapp. 146
What Can the Robot Represent?p. 147
Costs of Representingp. 148
Think Hard, Act Laterp. 151
Deliberative Control
What Is Planning?p. 151
Costs of Planningp. 154
Don't Think, React!p. 161
Reactive Control
Action Selectionp. 166
Subsumption Architecturep. 169
Herbert, or How to Sequence Behaviors Through the Worldp. 172
Think and Act Separately, in Parallelp. 177
Hybrid Control
Dealing with Changes in the World/Map/Taskp. 179
Planning and Replanningp. 180
On-Line and Off-Line Planningp. 182
Think the Way You Actp. 187
Behavior-Based Control
Distributed Representationp. 192
An Example: Distributed Mappingp. 193
Toto the Robotp. 194
Toto's Navigationp. 194
Toto's Landmark Detectionp. 196
Toto's Mapping Behaviorsp. 197
Path Planning in Toto's Behavior Mapp. 200
Toto's Map-Followingp. 202
Making Your Robot Behavep. 207
Behavior Coordination
Behavior Arbitration: Make a Choicep. 207
Behavior Fusion: Sum It Upp. 209
When the Unexpected Happensp. 215
Emergent Behavior
An Example: Emergent Wall-Followingp. 215
The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Partsp. 218
Components of Emergencep. 218
Expect the Unexpectedp. 218
Predictability of Surprisep. 219
Good vs. Bad Emergent Behaviorp. 220
Architectures and Emergencep. 221
Going Placesp. 223
Navigation
Localizationp. 225
Search and Path Planningp. 228
SLAMp. 229
Coveragep. 230
Go, Team!p. 233
Group Robotics
Benefits of Teamwork p.20.1
Challenges of Teamworkp. 236
Types of Groups and Teamsp. 237
Communicationp. 241
Kin Recognitionp. 246
Getting a Team to Play Togetherp. 247
I'm the Boss: Centralized Controlp. 247
Work It Out as a Team: Distributed Controlp. 248
Architectures for Multi-Robot Controlp. 249
Pecking Orders: Hierarchiesp. 250
Things Keep Getting Betterp. 255
Learning
Reinforcement Learningp. 256
Supervised Learningp. 260
Learning from Imitation/From Demonstrationp. 261
Learning and Forgettingp. 265
Where To Next?p. 269
The Future of Robotics
Space Roboticsp. 273
Surgical Roboticsp. 274
Self-Reconfigurable Roboticsp. 276
Humanoid Roboticsp. 277
Social Robotics and Human-Robot Interactionp. 278
Service, Assistive and Rehabilitation Roboticsp. 280
Educational Roboticsp. 283
Ethical Implicationsp. 285
Bibliographyp. 289
Glossaryp. 293
Indexp. 302
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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