
The Robotics Primer
by Mataric, Maja J.Buy New
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Summary
Author Biography
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xv |
What Is a Robot? | p. 1 |
Defining Robotics | |
Where Do Robots Come From? | p. 7 |
A Brief but Gripping History of Robotics | |
Control Theory | p. 7 |
Cybernetics | p. 8 |
Grey Walter's Tortoise | p. 9 |
Braitenberg's Vehicles | p. 11 |
Artificial Intelligence | p. 13 |
What's in a Robot? | p. 19 |
Robot Components | |
Embodiment | p. 20 |
Sensing | p. 21 |
Action | p. 24 |
Brains and Brawn | p. 25 |
Autonomy | p. 26 |
Arms, Legs, Wheels, Tracks, and What Really Drives Them | p. 29 |
Effectors and Actuators | |
Active vs. Passive Actuation | p. 30 |
Types of Actuators | p. 31 |
Motors | p. 32 |
Direct Current (DC) Motors | p. 32 |
Gearing | p. 3 |
Servo Motors | p. 37 |
Degrees of Freedom | p. 38 |
Move It! | p. 47 |
Locomotion | |
Stability | p. 48 |
Moving and Gaits | p. 51 |
Wheels and Steering | p. 53 |
Staying on the Path vs. Getting There | p. 55 |
Grasping at Straws | p. 59 |
Manipulation | |
Endeffectors | p. 59 |
Teleoperation | p. 60 |
Why Is Manipulation Hard? | p. 62 |
What's Going On? | p. 69 |
Sensors | |
Levels of Processing | p. 73 |
Switch on the Light | p. 81 |
Simple Sensors | |
Passive vs. Active Sensors | p. 81 |
Switches | p. 82 |
Light Sensors | p. 84 |
Polarized Light | p. 86 |
Reflective Optosensors | p. 86 |
Reflectance Sensors | p. 88 |
Infra Red Light | p. 89 |
Modulation and Demodulation of Light | p. 90 |
Break Beam Sensors | p. 90 |
Shaft Encoders | p. 91 |
Resistive Position Sensors | p. 94 |
Potentiometers | p. 95 |
Sonars, Lasers, and Cameras | p. 97 |
Complex Sensors | |
Ultrasonic or Sonar Sensing | p. 97 |
Sonar Before and Beyond Robotics | p. 100 |
Specular Reflection | p. 101 |
Laser Sensing | p. 104 |
Visual Sensing | p. 107 |
Cameras | p. 108 |
Edge Detection | p. 110 |
Model-Based Vision | p. 112 |
Motion Vision | p. 113 |
Stereo Vision | p. 114 |
Texture, Shading, Contours | p. 115 |
Biological Vision | p. 116 |
Vision for Robots | p. 117 |
Stay in Control | p. 121 |
Feedback Control | |
Feedback or Closed Loop Control | p. 121 |
The Many Faces of Error | p. 122 |
An Example of a Feedback Control Robot | p. 124 |
Types of Feedback Control | p. 126 |
Proportional Control | p. 126 |
Derivative Control | p. 128 |
Integral Control | p. 129 |
PD and PID Control | p. 130 |
Feedforward or Open Loop Control | p. 131 |
The Building Blocks of Control | p. 135 |
Control Architectures | |
Who Needs Control Architectures? | p. 135 |
Languages for Programming Robots | p. 137 |
And the Architectures are... | p. 139 |
Time | p. 141 |
Modularity | p. 141 |
Representation | p. 142 |
What's in Your Head? | p. 145 |
Representation | |
The Many Ways to Make a Map | p. 146 |
What Can the Robot Represent? | p. 147 |
Costs of Representing | p. 148 |
Think Hard, Act Later | p. 151 |
Deliberative Control | |
What Is Planning? | p. 151 |
Costs of Planning | p. 154 |
Don't Think, React! | p. 161 |
Reactive Control | |
Action Selection | p. 166 |
Subsumption Architecture | p. 169 |
Herbert, or How to Sequence Behaviors Through the World | p. 172 |
Think and Act Separately, in Parallel | p. 177 |
Hybrid Control | |
Dealing with Changes in the World/Map/Task | p. 179 |
Planning and Replanning | p. 180 |
On-Line and Off-Line Planning | p. 182 |
Think the Way You Act | p. 187 |
Behavior-Based Control | |
Distributed Representation | p. 192 |
An Example: Distributed Mapping | p. 193 |
Toto the Robot | p. 194 |
Toto's Navigation | p. 194 |
Toto's Landmark Detection | p. 196 |
Toto's Mapping Behaviors | p. 197 |
Path Planning in Toto's Behavior Map | p. 200 |
Toto's Map-Following | p. 202 |
Making Your Robot Behave | p. 207 |
Behavior Coordination | |
Behavior Arbitration: Make a Choice | p. 207 |
Behavior Fusion: Sum It Up | p. 209 |
When the Unexpected Happens | p. 215 |
Emergent Behavior | |
An Example: Emergent Wall-Following | p. 215 |
The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts | p. 218 |
Components of Emergence | p. 218 |
Expect the Unexpected | p. 218 |
Predictability of Surprise | p. 219 |
Good vs. Bad Emergent Behavior | p. 220 |
Architectures and Emergence | p. 221 |
Going Places | p. 223 |
Navigation | |
Localization | p. 225 |
Search and Path Planning | p. 228 |
SLAM | p. 229 |
Coverage | p. 230 |
Go, Team! | p. 233 |
Group Robotics | |
Benefits of Teamwork p.20.1 | |
Challenges of Teamwork | p. 236 |
Types of Groups and Teams | p. 237 |
Communication | p. 241 |
Kin Recognition | p. 246 |
Getting a Team to Play Together | p. 247 |
I'm the Boss: Centralized Control | p. 247 |
Work It Out as a Team: Distributed Control | p. 248 |
Architectures for Multi-Robot Control | p. 249 |
Pecking Orders: Hierarchies | p. 250 |
Things Keep Getting Better | p. 255 |
Learning | |
Reinforcement Learning | p. 256 |
Supervised Learning | p. 260 |
Learning from Imitation/From Demonstration | p. 261 |
Learning and Forgetting | p. 265 |
Where To Next? | p. 269 |
The Future of Robotics | |
Space Robotics | p. 273 |
Surgical Robotics | p. 274 |
Self-Reconfigurable Robotics | p. 276 |
Humanoid Robotics | p. 277 |
Social Robotics and Human-Robot Interaction | p. 278 |
Service, Assistive and Rehabilitation Robotics | p. 280 |
Educational Robotics | p. 283 |
Ethical Implications | p. 285 |
Bibliography | p. 289 |
Glossary | p. 293 |
Index | p. 302 |
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