The Structure of Argument teaches students how to approach, develop, and defend arguments one element at a time. This concise but thorough text carefully scaffolds argument for students, explaining approaches to argumentation, critical reading, and argument analysis. The major components of argumentation—claims, support, assumptions, logic—are explained in depth, and a robust research section shows students how to find, incorporate, and build on existing arguments. The Ninth Edition has been updated with more sourced readings than ever before, including a section of debates on unsettled current topics, further reinforcing the importance of research and synthesis. With its value price tag, The Structure of Argument is an affordable, accessible resource for the argument classroom.
The Structure of Argument is available with LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers. By combining formative and summative assessments with opportunities to study, practice, and review specific skills, LaunchPad Solo for Readers and Writers provides instructors with a quick and flexible solution for targeting instruction on critical reading, the writing process, grammar, mechanics, style, and punctuation based on students’ unique needs. Students will gain confidence by working through sequenced units that guide them from concept to mastery. At home or in class, students learn at their own pace, with instruction tailored to individual learners.
Annette T. Rottenberg, formerly assistant director of the writing program at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, has taught composition and literature at Chicago City College, SUNY at Buffalo, Duke University, and schools abroad.
Donna Haisty Winchell has directed the Freshman Composition program and codirected Digital Portfolio Institutes at Clemson University, where she is Professor of English. She has edited several freshman writing anthologies and is a frequent presenter at professional conferences.
John Solomon is one of America's premier investigative journalists whose award-winning stories over the last quarter-century have exposed scandals ranging from the use of foster children in AIDS drug experiments to what the Bush administration knew about terror threats in the days before September 11, 2001. His exposés have appeared in Newsweek, The Washington Post, The New York Times, on 60 Minutes, and in The Associated Press and countless other publications and news shows across the globe. A former executive editor of The Washington Times and director of news at Newsweek, Solomon currently runs the Washington Guardian investigative newspaper in the nation's capital and lives in Virginia. He is the author of DSK: The Scandal That Brought Down Dominique Strauss-Kahn.
PREFACE
PART ONE: UNDERSTANDING ARGUMENT
Chapter 1. Approaches to Argument
What Is Argument?
Aristotelian Rhetoric
READING ARGUMENT
*In Gun Control Debate, Logic Goes Out the Window, Richard J. Davis
*A Person Is the Best Thing to Happen to a Shelter Pet (advertisement), The Shelter Pet Project
*I am Adam Lanza's Mother, Liza Long
Rogerian Argument
READING ARGUMENT
*Katie Couric and the Celebrity Medicine Syndrome, Julia Belluz and Steven J. Hoffman
*The "Unnatural" Ashley Treatment Can Be Right for Profoundly Disabled Children, Peter Singer
The Toulmin Model
READING ARGUMENT
*In Health, We're Not No. 1, Robert J. Samuelson
*Latest 3-D Films Add Dimension, Not Appeal, Jonathan Winchell
Assignments for Understanding Approaches to Argument
Chapter 2. Examining Written Arguments
Prereading
READING ARGUMENT
On Pins and Needles Defending Artistic Expression, Carol Rose
*I Belong Here, Amin Ahmad
Reading for Content and Structure
READING ARGUMENT
*A Tale of Two Airlines, Christopher Elliott
*Gun Debate: Where is the Middle Ground?, Mallory Simon
The Gay Option, Stephanie Fairyington
Evaluation
READING ARGUMENT
*The Internet Is a Surveillance State, Bruce Schneier
*Giving Up Our Privacy: Is It Worth It? (student essay), Whitney Cramer
Assignments for Examining Written Arguments
Chapter 3. Examining Multimodal Arguments
Visual Rhetoric
READING ARGUMENT
Looting (photograph), Dave Martin
Finding (photograph), Chris Gaythen
Milvertha Hendricks (photograph), Eric Gay
At the Time of the Louisville Flood (photograph), Margaret Bourke-White
Edgar Hollingsworth Rescued (photograph), Bruce Chambers
*Texting and Driving (photograph), Michael Krasowitz
*Stop Climate Change Before It Changes You (advertisement), World Wildlife Fund
*Takeout Can Eat Up Your Savings (advertisement), American Institute of CPAs
*Obamacare EMT (cartoon), Martin Kozlowski
*Did You Feel That? (cartoon), Pat Bagley
*Tobacco's Shifting Burden (infographic), theworld.org
*Where Your Gas Money Goes (infographic), Union of Concerned Scientists
Audiovisual Rhetoric
READING ARGUMENT
*Let's Go Places (advertisement), Toyota
*[epage] Neon Signs (Buzzed Driving) (video), National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
*Inaugural Address, January 20, 1961 (transcript), John F. Kennedy
*[epage] Democratic National Convention Speech (video), Elizabeth Warren
*Coverage of Obama's Announcement in Support of Gay Marriage, CNN Correspondents
Online Environments
READING ARGUMENT
*"Peaceful" Act of Compassion, William Wharton
*Valedictorian Prays but Should Christians Rejoice?, Alan Noble
*[epage] Global Warming Continues with No Slow Down (blog post), Jeff Masters
*[epage] Montessori Madness (visual lecture), Trevor Eissler
*makehellcool.com (website), fastrack
Assignments for Examining Multimodal Arguments
Chapter 4. Responding to Arguments
READING ARGUMENT
*Gun Heart (photograph), Anonymous
*Killing with Kindness (student essay), Karina Namaye
Writing the Claim
Planning the Structure
Using Sentence Forms to Write about Arguments
Providing Support
Documenting Your Sources
Avoiding Plagiarism
READING ARGUMENT
*Internet Gambling Is Anything but Pretty, Sadhbh Walshe
*An Analysis of Sadbhb Walshe’s Commentary on Online Gambling (student essay), Carson Kennedy
*The Snitch in Your Pocket, Michael Isikoff
*Misuse of Cell-Phone Tracking (student essay), Ray Chong
*How Our Technology Is Used Against Us (student essay), DeRon Williamson
*Social Media: Establishing Criteria for Law Enforcement Use, Robert D. Stuart
*The Facebook Effect (infographic), Rachel Swaby
Assignments for Responding to Arguments
PART TWO: ANALYZING THE ELEMENTS
Chapter 5. Claims: Making a Statement
Claims of Fact
READING ARGUMENT
*Loaded Language Poisons Gun Debate, Josh Levs
*Paper Because (advertisement), Domtar Paper
Claims of Value
READING ARGUMENT
*Morning-After Pill a Boon for Women, Deborah Nucatola
*Spike Jonze's Her Shows Love's Perils — In Any Form, Kenneth Turan
Claims of Policy
READING ARGUMENT
College Life versus My Moral Code, Elisha Dov Hack
*Toxic Beauty, Kiara Ventura
Assignments for Claims: Making a Statement
Chapter 6. Support: Backing Up a Claim
Evidence
READING ARGUMENT
*Are Sports Fans Happier?, Sid Kirchheimer
Safer? Tastier? More Nutritious? The Dubious Merits of Organic Foods, Kristen Weinacker
*I'm Sorry, Steve Jobs: We Could Have Saved You, Siddhartha Mukherjee
Appeals to Needs and Values
READING ARGUMENT
*Building Baby from the Genes Up, Ronald M. Green
*The Baseball Man's Cigarette (advertisement), Chesterfield Cigarettes
*Marketing to "Tweens" Objectifies Women, Jeremy Markel
Assignments for Support: Backing Up a Claim
Chapter 7. Warrants: Examining Assumptions
General Principles
Widely Held Assumptions
READING ARGUMENT
*The Power of a Father's Love Overturns His Beliefs, Scott Simon
Recognizing and Analyzing Warrants
READING ARGUMENT
*Don't Stop Frisking, Terry Eastland
READING ARGUMENT
The Case for Torture, Michael Levin
An Unjust Sacrifice, Robert A. Sirico
*The American Middle Class: Endangered Species (photograph), HRC WENN Photos/Newscom
Assignments for Warrants: Examining Assumptions
PART THREE: USING THE ELEMENTS
Chapter 8. Definition: Clarifying Key Terms
The Purposes of Definition
READING ARGUMENT
*GOP Fear of Common Core Education Standards Unfounded, Michael Gerson
Stop Calling Quake Victims Looters, Guy-Uriel Charles
Defining the Terms in Your Argument
Writing Extended Definitions
READING ARGUMENT
The Definition of Terrorism, Brian Whitaker
*Conscientious Objection in Medicine: A Moral Dilemma, Ishmeal Bradley
Assignments for Definition: Clarifying Key Terms
Chapter 9. Language: Using Words with Care
The Power of Words
READING ARGUMENT
*Consumer Confidence (advertisement), Stihl
Address to Congress, December 8, 1941, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Connotation
READING ARGUMENT
*Why Keep Athletes Eligible but Uneducated?, Frank Deford
*Dispatches from a Police State: Animal Rights in the Crosshairs of State Repression, Steven Best
Slanting
Figurative Language
READING ARGUMENT
*Excerpt from "The 'Evil Empire' Speech" (speech excerpt), Ronald Reagan
Concrete and Abstract Language
Short Cuts
READING ARGUMENT
Food for Thought (and for Credit), Jennifer Grossman
*Flood the Zone, John Podhoretz
*USC Course Evaluations Need New Strategy, Whitney Smith
Assignments for Language: Using Words with Care
Chapter 10. Logic: Understanding Reasoning
Induction
READING ARGUMENT
*Will Big Business Save the Earth?, Jared Diamond
Deduction
READING ARGUMENT
It's All about Him, David von Drehle
*Remarks at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Women and the Economy Summit, Hillary Clinton
Common Fallacies
READING ARGUMENT
*Drivers Get Rolled, Christopher Caldwell
On Nation and Race, Adolf Hitler
Assignments for Logic: Understanding Reasoning
PART FOUR: RESEARCHING AND CRAFTING ARGUMENTS
Chapter 11. Planning and Research
Finding an Appropriate Topic
Initiating Research
Finding Sources
Evaluating Sources
READING ARGUMENT
*Child Nutrition Programs (Web site), United States Department of Agriculture
Taking Notes
READING ARGUMENT
*Childhood Obesity: The Challenge, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Chapter 12. Drafting, Revising, and Presenting Arguments
Reviewing Your Research
Organizing the Material
Writing
Revising
Oral Arguments
READING ARGUMENT
*Remarks to Georgetown University’s Public Policy Institute, Kathleen Sebelius
Chapter 13. Documenting Sources
MLA In-Text Citations
MLA Works Cited Entries
MLA-Style Annotated Bibliography
MLA Paper Format
MLA-Style Sample Research Paper
Competitive Foods and the Obesity Epidemic (student essay), Kathleen Hedden
APA In-Text Citations
APA List of References
APA-Style Sample Research Paper
The Controversy over Women in Combat (student essay), Angela Mathers
PART FIVE: DEBATING THE ISSUES
Chapter 14. What's in a Word?: Should We All Pledge to End Derogatory Use of the Word "Retard"?
A Movie, a Word, and My Family's Battle, Patricia E. Bauer
The Case Against Banning the Word "Retard," Christopher M. Fairman
Chapter 15. Social Responsibility: Do Businesses Have an Obligation to Society?
Putting Customers Ahead of Investors, John Mackey
Put Profits First, T. J. Rodgers
Chapter 16. Science and Morality: Should Human Stem Cells Be Used for Research?
*Embryonic Stem Cell Research: A Moral Evil or Obligation?, Beau Watts
*I’m Pro-Life and I Oppose Embryonic Stem Cell Research, J.C. Willke
Chapter 17. Gender Stereotypes: Is the “Princess” Phenomenon Detrimental to Girls’ Self-Image?
*Girls on Film: The Real Problem with the Disney Princess Brand, Monika Bartyzel
*In Defense of Princess Culture, Crystal Liechty
Chapter 18. Economics and College Sports: Should College Athletes Be Paid?
*Athlete's New Day, Paul Marx
*College Athletes Should Not Be Paid, Warren Hartenstine
GLOSSARY
INDEX OF SUBJECTS
INDEX OF AUTHORS AND TITLES