Thomsaon Advantage Books Cultural Anthropology,9780534640743

Thomsaon Advantage Books Cultural Anthropology

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Edition: 4th
ISBN13: 9780534640743
ISBN10: 0534640745
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-06-28
Publisher(s): Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Culture and Meaning. 2. The Meaning of Progress. 3. The Construction of the Nation-State. 4. The Social and Cultural Construction of Reality. 5. Patterns of Family Relations. 6. The Cultural Construction of Identity. 7. The Cultural Construction of Social Hierarchy. 8. The Cultural Construction of Violent Conflict. Glossary. Bibliography. Index.

Author Biography

Richard H. Robbins is professor of anthropology at the State University of New York at Plattsburgh

Table of Contents

Preface xi
Culture and Meaning
1(38)
Problem 1: How can people begin to understand beliefs and behaviors that are different from their own?
1(1)
Introduction: The World Behind Everyday Appearances
2(2)
Question 1.1 Why Do Human Beings Differ in Their Beliefs and Behaviors?
4(3)
Question 1.2. How Do People Judge the Beliefs and Behaviors of Others?
7(8)
The Ethnocentric Fallacy and the Relativist Fallacy
8(2)
Virginity Testing in Turkey and Cannibalism among the Wari'
10(3)
Objectivity and Morality
13(2)
Question 1.3. Is It Possible to See the World Through the Eyes of Others?
15(5)
The Embarrassed Anthropologist
16(1)
Confronting Witchcraft in Mexico
17(1)
The Endangered Anthropologist
18(2)
Question 1.4 How Can the Meanings That Others Find in Experience Be Interpreted and Described?
20(4)
Deciphering the Balinese Cockfight
22(2)
Question 1.5 What Can Learning About Other Peoples Tell Americans About Themselves?
24(11)
A Balinese Anthropologist Studies Football
25(2)
An Anthropologist Looks at a ``Happy Meal''
27(8)
Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 1: The Consumer Experience
Conclusions
35(1)
References and Suggested Readings
36(3)
The Meaning of Progress
39(42)
Problem 2: How do we explain the transformation of human societies over the past 10,000 years from small-scale, nomadic bands of hunters and gatherers, to large-scale, urban-industrial states?
39(1)
Introduction: The Death of a Way of Life
40(3)
Question 2.1 Why Did Hunter-Gatherer Societies Switch to Sedentary Agriculture?
43(9)
Life Among Hunter-Gatherers: The Hadza and Ju/wasi
45(2)
The Transition to Agriculture
47(4)
Producing Potato Calories
51(1)
Question 2.2 Why Are Some Societies More Industrially Advanced Than Others?
52(6)
The British in India
55(1)
Cotton, Slavery, and the Cherokee Removal
56(2)
Question 2.3 Why Don't Poor Countries Modernize and Develop in the Same Way as Wealthy Countries?
58(5)
The Case of Brazil
61(2)
Question 2.4 How Do Modern Standards of Health and Medical Treatment Compare with Those of Traditional Societies?
63(6)
Illness and Inequality
63(2)
The Meaning of Illness
65(4)
Question 2.5: Why are Simpler Societies Disappearing?
69(4)
Globalization and Cultural Diversity
70(3)
Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 2: Doing Development
73(4)
Anthropologists in Development
73(1)
Using Indigenous Knowledge
74(2)
Women in Development
76(1)
Conclusions
77(1)
References and Suggested Readings
78(3)
The Construction of the Nation-State
81(32)
Problem 3: How do we explain emergence of the modern nation-state and the methods through which persons come to believe that they owe their allegiance to their country?
81(1)
Introduction: Killing and the State
82(1)
Question 3.1: Why Did Human Beings Organize into Large-Scale State Organizations?
83(3)
Question 3.2: Why Did the Nation-State Come to Exist and What Functions Does it Perform?
86(1)
The Nation-State and the Cost of a Twinkie
87(3)
Question 3.3: How is The State Constructed and Maintained and How Does it Succeed in Binding Together Often Disparate and Conflicting Groups?
90(9)
Race and the Nation-State
93(1)
Education and the Nation-State
94(1)
Violence and the Nation-State
95(4)
Question 3.4: How is The State to Survive in an Increasingly Globalized World?
99(5)
Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 3: Anthropology and Public Policy
104(6)
The Market Externalities of ``Hog Hotels''
106(4)
Conclusions
110(1)
References and Suggested Readings
111(2)
The Social and Cultural Construction of Reality
113(44)
Problem 4: Why do people believe different things, and why are they so certain that their view of the world is correct, and others are wrong?
113(1)
Introduction: The Central Question
114(2)
Question 4.1. How Does Language Affect the Meanings People Assign to Experience?
116(8)
Borrowing Meaning with Metaphors
118(2)
Kwakiutl Metaphors of Hunger
120(2)
The Metaphors of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic
122(2)
Question 4.2 How Does Symbolic Action Reinforce a Particular View of the World?
124(6)
The Kwakiutl Cannibal Dance
125(2)
The Ritual of Contemporary Witchcraft and Magic
127(2)
Dorothy Meets Luke Skywalker
129(1)
Question 4.3 How Do People Come to Believe What They Do, and How Do They Continue to Hold to Their Beliefs Even if They Seem Contradictory or Ambiguous?
130(7)
The Process of Interpretive Drift
131(3)
Explaining Why the Sun Moves Around the Earth
134(3)
Question 4.4: How Does the Way We Live Affect Our Beliefs and Rituals?
137(5)
``Acting'' in Love
138(2)
Love and Class Structure
140(1)
Love and Individualism
141(1)
Romantic Love and the Functioning of Society
142(1)
Question 4.5 How Can People Reorder Their View of the World if It Becomes Unsatisfactory?
142(6)
Wovoka and the Ghost Dance
143(2)
Mother Ann Lee and the Shakers
145(3)
Case Study in Doing Anthropology # 4: Public Relations, Counseling and Tourism
148(4)
An Anthropological Look at Tourism
150(2)
Conclusions
152(1)
References and Suggested Readings
153(4)
Patterns of Family Relations
157(38)
Problem 5: What we need to know before we can understand the dynamics of family life in other societies?
157(1)
Introduction: Soap Operas and Family Relations
158(2)
Question 5.1 What Is The Composition of The Typical Family Group?
160(8)
The Family Composition of the Ju/wasi
161(2)
The Family Composition of the Trobriand Islanders
163(2)
The Family Composition of the Chinese
165(3)
Question 5.2. How Are Families Formed, and The Ideal Family Type Maintained?
168(7)
The Family Cycle of the Ju/wasi
169(2)
The Family Cycle of the Trobriand Islanders
171(2)
The Family Cycle of the Chinese
173(2)
Question 5.3 What Are the Roles of Sexuality, Love, and Wealth?
175(4)
Sex, Love, and Wealth among the Ju/wasi
176(1)
Sex, Love, and Wealth among the Trobriand Islanders
176(1)
Sex, Love, and Wealth among the Chinese
177(2)
Question 5.4: What Threatens to Disrupt the Family Unit?
179(5)
Threats to the Ju/wasi Family
179(2)
Threats to the Trobriand Islander Family
181(4)
Threats to the Chinese Family
185
Case Studies in Doing Anthropology #5: Combating HIV/AIDS
184(7)
Aids Prevention in Mexico
185(1)
Sexual Silence
185(1)
Power Relations
186(2)
Trust and Fidelity
188(1)
Sex and Love
188(1)
Why is the Message of Traditional AIDS---Prevention Programs Sometimes Ignored?
189(1)
Designing AIDS---Prevention Programs
190(1)
Conclusions
191(2)
References and Suggested Readings
193(2)
The Cultural Construction of Identity
195(38)
Problem 6: How do people determine who they are, and how do they communicate who they think they are to others?
195(1)
Introduction: The Importance of Self
196(1)
Question 6.1 How Does the Concept of Personhood Vary from Society to Society?
197(4)
The Egocentric and Sociocentric Self
198(1)
Personhood in Japan and America
199(2)
Question 6.2 How Do Societies Distinguish Individuals from One Another?
201(5)
Constructing Male and Female
202(2)
Language Gender, and Race
204(2)
Question 6.3 How Do Individuals Learn Who They Are?
206(5)
The Transition to Adulthood
207(4)
Question 6.4 How Do Individuals Communicate Their Identities to One Another?
211(8)
Gifts and Commodities
214(2)
Gift-Giving and Christmas in America
216(3)
Question 6.5 How Do Individuals Defend Their Identities When They Are Threatened?
219(3)
Making Moka in Papua New Guinea
219(3)
Case Studies in Doing Anthropology # 6: Fat Talk
222(7)
Body Image and Identity
223(1)
Fat Talk
224(2)
The Problem
226(1)
Addressing the Problem
227(2)
Conclusions
229(1)
References and Suggested Readings
230(3)
The Cultural Construction of Social Hierarchy
233(44)
Problem 7: Why are modern societies characterized by social, political, and economic inequalities?
233(1)
Introduction: The Rationale for Social Inequality
234(4)
Question 7.1 How Do Societies Rank People in Social Hierarchies?
238(3)
The Feminization of Poverty
239(2)
Question 7.2 Why Do Societies Construct Social Hierarchies?
241(3)
Integrative and Exploitive Theories of Social Hierarchy
241(1)
Karl Marx and the Origin of Class
242(2)
Question 7.3 How Do People Come to Accept Social Hierarchies as Natural?
244(11)
Constructing the Ideology of Racism
245(2)
The Social Construction of ``Intelligence''
247(6)
Constructing Stratification by Gender
253(2)
Question 7.4 How Do People Living in Poverty Adapt to Their Condition?
255(7)
Kinship as an Adaptation to Poverty
256(1)
In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio
257(5)
Question 7.5 Can a Nonstratified Community Exist Within a Large Society?
262(3)
The Hutterites and the Colony of Heaven
262(3)
Case Studies in Doing Anthropology # 7: Saving the World: Health and Human Rights
265(8)
Anthropology and Human Rights
266(3)
Anthropology and Medical Rights: The Work of Paul Farmer
269(2)
Health as a Human Right
271(2)
Conclusions
273(1)
References and Suggested Readings
274(3)
The Cultural Construction of Violent Conflict
277(42)
Problem 8: How do societies give meaning to and justify collective violence?
277(1)
Introduction: The Justification of Violent Conflict
278(1)
Question 8.1 How Do Societies Create a Bias in Favor of Collective Violence?
279(7)
Horses, Rank, and Warfare Among the Kiowa
280(1)
Good Hosts Among the Yanomamo
280(2)
Defending Honor in Kohistan
282(2)
Constructing Religious Justifications for Violence
284(2)
Question 8.2 How Do Societies Create a Bias Against Violent Conflict?
286(3)
Characteristics of Peaceful Societies
286(3)
Question 8.3 What Are the Economic, Political, or Social Differences Between Peaceful and Violent Societies?
289(6)
The Need to Protect Resources and Honor
290(1)
Creating the Conditions for Violence
291(2)
Sexism and Violent Conflict
293(2)
Question 8.4: What Are the Effects of War on Society?
295(3)
The Impact of War on Population
295(1)
The Evolution of the Nation-State
296(1)
Violence and Male Solidarity
297(1)
Question 8.5: How Is It Possible to Justify the Construction of Weapons of Mass Destruction?
298(6)
The Anthropology of a Nuclear Weapons Laboratory
298(3)
The Language of Nuclear Destruction
301(3)
Case Studies in Doing Anthropology # 8: Deciphering the Rhetoric of War and Violence
304(11)
The School of the Americas
307(4)
Constructing a View of the United States
311(1)
Constructing Threats to ``Our Way of Life''
312(1)
Constructing Impunity
312(1)
Responding to Critics
313(2)
Conclusions
315(1)
References and Suggested Readings
316(3)
Glossary 319(5)
Bibliography 324(13)
Index 337

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