Underground Infrastructures: Planning, Design, and Construction
by Goel, R. K.; Singh, Bhawani; Zhao, JianFormat: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2012-05-07
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science Ltd
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Summary
Underground facilities, such as tunnels, sewer, water and gas networks form the backbone of the economic life of the modern city. In densely populated areas where the demands for transportation and services are rapidly increasing and the construction of new roads and railways are prohibited, the construction of a tunnel might be the only alternative. Brief and readable, this reference is based on a combined 75 years of field experience and places emphasis is on simple practical rules for designing and planning, underground infrastructures. The books' begins with a clear and rigorous exposition of the classification of underground space, important considerations such as geological and engineering and underground planning. This is followed by self-contained chapters concerning applications for underground water storage, underground car parks, underground metros & road tunnels and underground storage of crude oil, lpg and natural gas. The book has 15 chapters covering various usage of underground space. There are about 135 figures and tables. The book contains about 20 case histories/examples. One of the first book to address all of the major areas in which this technology is used, this book deals with major topics such as: hydroelectric projects with modern planning of complex underground structures; underground storages of food items, crude oil and explosives and highly cautious underground nuclear waste repositories. Rail and road tunnels and TBM are described briefly. Risk management in underground infrastructures is of vital importance. Civil Engineers, Mining Engineers, and Geotechnical Engineers will find this book a valuable guide to designing and planning underground infrastructures both in terms of its applications. Risk management method for underground infrastructures Vital tips for the underground storage of food, water, crude oil, natural gas and munitions Provides design tips for Underground Parking Facilities Instruction for the designing planning and construction for underground Metros and road tunnels Planning and design of underground nuclear waste repositories Clearly explains the benefits and drawbacks of underground facilities Quick guide to the various modern mechanical underground parking options Explanation of construction planning and Risk management Places expert advice for planning and constructing projects at the finger tips
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. xv |
| Introduction | |
| Underground Space and Its Requirement | p. 1 |
| History of Underground Space Use | p. 3 |
| Underground Space for Sustainable Development | p. 5 |
| What Should Be Done? | p. 7 |
| Future of Underground Space Facilities | p. 8 |
| Scope of the Book | p. 9 |
| References | p. 9 |
| Classification of Underground Space | |
| General | p. 11 |
| Major Classification Grouping | p. 12 |
| Function | p. 12 |
| Geometry | p. 13 |
| Origin | p. 15 |
| Site Features | p. 15 |
| Project Features | p. 15 |
| Benefits and Drawbacks of Underground Facilities | p. 15 |
| References | p. 18 |
| Important Considerations | |
| Geological Considerations | p. 19 |
| Engineering Considerations | p. 21 |
| Psychological and Physiological Considerations | p. 23 |
| Image of the Underground | p. 24 |
| Actual Experiences in Underground Buildings | p. 25 |
| Actual Experience in Windowless and Other Analogous Environments | p. 27 |
| Potential Psychological Problems Associated with Underground Space | p. 29 |
| Mitigating Factors | p. 30 |
| Choosing to Go Underground-General Advantages | p. 33 |
| Potential Physical Benefits | p. 34 |
| Protection | p. 35 |
| Security | p. 36 |
| Aesthetics | p. 36 |
| Environmental Advantages | p. 37 |
| Materials | p. 37 |
| Initial Cost/Land Cost Savings | p. 37 |
| Construction Savings | p. 37 |
| Sale of Excavated Material or Minerals | p. 38 |
| Savings in Specialized Design Features | p. 38 |
| Operating Cost/Maintenance | p. 38 |
| Energy Use | p. 38 |
| Land Use Efficiency | p. 39 |
| Disaster Readiness/National Security | p. 39 |
| Drawbacks of Underground Space Use | p. 40 |
| Physical | p. 40 |
| Climate Isolation | p. 40 |
| Communication | p. 40 |
| Human Occupancy | p. 40 |
| Safety Considerations | p. 41 |
| Fire Explosion | p. 41 |
| Oxygen Shortage/Poisoning | p. 44 |
| Flood | p. 44 |
| Electric Power Failure | p. 45 |
| Ventilation | p. 46 |
| Legal and Administrative Considerations | p. 47 |
| Limits of Surface Property Ownership | p. 47 |
| Ownership and the Right to Develop Subsurface Space | p. 47 |
| Application of Surface Land Use Regulations | p. 48 |
| Environmental Controls | p. 48 |
| Restrictions due to Surface and Subsurface Structures | p. 48 |
| Economic Considerations | p. 49 |
| References | p. 50 |
| Underground Space Planning | |
| Forms of Underground Space Available and Uses | p. 51 |
| Level-Wise Planning of Underground Space Use | p. 53 |
| Future Forms of Underground Space Use | p. 55 |
| Technology for Underground Development | p. 56 |
| Conceptual Designs | p. 60 |
| Cost Considerations | p. 64 |
| Planning of Underground Space | p. 65 |
| References | p. 67 |
| Underground Storage of Food Items | |
| General | p. 69 |
| Section 1 | p. 70 |
| Problems Associated with Underground Food Storage | p. 70 |
| Site Selection | p. 71 |
| Construction and Design | p. 71 |
| Depth | p. 71 |
| Unit Size | p. 75 |
| Lining | p. 75 |
| Loading and Unloading Equipment | p. 75 |
| Equipment to Equilibrate Grain Temperature during Loading and Unloading | p. 75 |
| Considerations while Loading the Storage | p. 76 |
| Considerations prior to Unloading of Underground Storage | p. 77 |
| Underground Storage Bins in Argentina | p. 77 |
| Potato Storage | p. 78 |
| Section 2 | p. 78 |
| Refrigerated Rock Stores | p. 78 |
| Design of Underground Cold Storage | p. 79 |
| Shape and Size | p. 79 |
| Thermal Properties | p. 80 |
| Cost Comparison | p. 81 |
| Case Histories | p. 83 |
| Warehouse Caverns in Singapore | p. 83 |
| Cold Storage Plant in Bergen, Norway | p. 84 |
| References | p. 87 |
| Underground Storage of Water | |
| General | p. 89 |
| Water Storage by Recharge Methods | p. 90 |
| Controlling Factors | p. 90 |
| Recharge Methods | p. 90 |
| Underground Rock Cavern Tank Storage | p. 94 |
| Function and Location of Water Tanks | p. 94 |
| Comparison between Aboveground and Underground Water Tanks | p. 94 |
| Planning and Design | p. 95 |
| Cost for Underground Cavern Storage | p. 96 |
| Construction and Maintenance Experience | p. 97 |
| Case Histories | p. 98 |
| The Kvernberget Rock Cavern Tank | p. 98 |
| The Steinan Rock Cavern Tank, Norway | p. 99 |
| The Groheia Rock Cavern Tank in Kristiansand, Norway | p. 100 |
| References | p. 101 |
| Underground Parking | |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Types of Parking Facilities | p. 103 |
| Various Modern Mechanical Underground Parking Options | p. 107 |
| Trevipark System | p. 107 |
| Douskos Car Parks-Mechanical Underground Parking Station Systems | p. 108 |
| Evaluation Criteria of a Site for Underground Parking | p. 112 |
| Design of Underground Parking Facilities | p. 113 |
| Parking Guidance System | p. 115 |
| Parking Lot Security | p. 116 |
| Ventilation in Underground Car Parks | p. 117 |
| Economics of Underground Parking Facilities | p. 119 |
| Case Histories | p. 120 |
| Sydney Opera House Underground Car Park | p. 120 |
| Munich Automated Underground Parking System, Germany | p. 122 |
| References | p. 124 |
| Underground Metro and Road Tunnels | |
| Introduction | p. 125 |
| Findings of International Tunnelling Association | p. 129 |
| Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) | p. 130 |
| Tunnel Boring Machines for Hard Rocks | p. 130 |
| Shielded Tunnel Boring Machines | p. 132 |
| Precast Lining | p. 135 |
| Building Condition Survey and Vibration Limit | p. 136 |
| Impact on Structures | p. 137 |
| Subsidence | p. 137 |
| Half-Tunnels for Roads | p. 139 |
| Road Tunnels | p. 139 |
| General | p. 139 |
| Traffic Safety | p. 141 |
| Construction Details | p. 141 |
| Precautions to Protect Road Tunnels from Deterioration | p. 144 |
| Cost of Construction | p. 145 |
| Subsea Tunnels | p. 146 |
| General | p. 146 |
| Maintenance | p. 150 |
| Case Histories | p. 155 |
| Gotthard Base Tunnel (GBT) | p. 155 |
| Lötschberg Base Tunnel (LBT) | p. 165 |
| References | p. 171 |
| Underground Storage of Crude Oil, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, and Natural Gas | |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| Investigations and Design | p. 173 |
| Underground Storage Technology | p. 174 |
| Underground Unlined Storage | p. 174 |
| Underground Lined Storage | p. 181 |
| Storage of Natural Gas | p. 183 |
| Tunnel-Shaped Storage Facility | p. 185 |
| Disadvantages | p. 186 |
| Separation Distance between Caverns | p. 186 |
| Multitank Storage (Polytank) Concept | p. 187 |
| Construction Principles | p. 187 |
| Rock Mechanics of Polytank Storage | p. 188 |
| Field of Applications | p. 189 |
| Advantages | p. 190 |
| General Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storages | p. 190 |
| Advantages | p. 190 |
| Disadvantages | p. 191 |
| Inground Tanks | p. 191 |
| Advantages | p. 191 |
| Disadvantages | p. 191 |
| Cost Aspects | p. 192 |
| Effect of Earthquake | p. 194 |
| Carbon Dioxide Sequestration | p. 194 |
| References | p. 196 |
| Civic Facilities Underground | |
| General | p. 199 |
| Sewage and Waste Water Treatment Plant | p. 199 |
| Case Example of Cost Comparison | p. 200 |
| Sports Center | p. 202 |
| Underground Ice Rink | p. 202 |
| Swimming Center | p. 203 |
| Underground Pedestrian Path | p. 204 |
| Operation of the System | p. 205 |
| Shopping Mall | p. 207 |
| Underground Recreational Facilities | p. 209 |
| References | p. 210 |
| Underground Structures for Hydroelectric Projects | |
| Introduction | p. 213 |
| Recent Developments in Planning of Hydroelectric Projects | p. 217 |
| Types of Underground Structures | p. 220 |
| Principles of Planning | p. 220 |
| Fundamental Requirements | p. 225 |
| Planning a Cavern | p. 226 |
| Design of a Cavern | p. 227 |
| Space and Geometries | p. 227 |
| Geotechniques | p. 228 |
| Orientation | p. 228 |
| Excavation Sequence and Techniques | p. 228 |
| In Situ Stresses | p. 229 |
| Earthquake Forces | p. 229 |
| Supports | p. 229 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages | p. 231 |
| Case Histories | p. 233 |
| Churchill Falls Hydroelectric Project | p. 233 |
| Chhibro Underground Powerhouse | p. 235 |
| Tala Hydroelectric Project, Bhutan | p. 237 |
| Summary | p. 241 |
| References | p. 242 |
| Underground Shelters for Wartime | |
| General | p. 245 |
| State-of-the-Art Defense Shelters | p. 246 |
| Shelter Options | p. 250 |
| Design of Shelters | p. 253 |
| Basement Shelters | p. 253 |
| Expedient Shelter Designs | p. 254 |
| Case Histories | p. 255 |
| Civil Defense Shelter in Singapore | p. 255 |
| Beijing's Underground City | p. 256 |
| References | p. 257 |
| Underground Storage of Ammunitions and Explosives | |
| General | p. 259 |
| Explosion Effects in Underground Ammunition Storage Sites | p. 260 |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Underground Storage | p. 261 |
| Storage Limitations | p. 262 |
| Ammunition Containing Flammable Liquids or Gels | p. 262 |
| Ammunition Containing Toxic Agents | p. 262 |
| Suspect Ammunition and Explosives | p. 262 |
| Ammunition Containing Pyrotechnics | p. 262 |
| Ammunition Containing Depleted Uranium | p. 263 |
| Design Requirements of Underground Ammunition Storage Facility | p. 263 |
| Safety Requirements | p. 263 |
| Military Requirements | p. 263 |
| Financial Aspects | p. 264 |
| Humidity Control and Ventilation | p. 264 |
| Electric Installations and Equipment | p. 264 |
| Lightning Protection | p. 264 |
| Transport and Handling Equipment | p. 264 |
| Fire-Fighting Equipment | p. 265 |
| Facility Layout | p. 265 |
| Design Guidelines | p. 265 |
| Underground Chambers | p. 266 |
| Exits | p. 266 |
| Branch Passageways | p. 267 |
| Blast Closures | p. 268 |
| Expansion Chambers | p. 269 |
| Constrictions | p. 270 |
| Debris Traps within Underground Facility | p. 271 |
| Blast Traps | p. 272 |
| Portal Barricade | p. 273 |
| Interior Wall Roughness | p. 274 |
| Depth of Cover above Storage Chambers | p. 275 |
| Chamber Separation Requirement | p. 275 |
| Sympathetic Detonation by Rock Spall | p. 277 |
| Case History | p. 278 |
| Underground Ammunition Storage Facility, Singapore | p. 278 |
| References | p. 280 |
| Underground Nuclear Waste Repositories | |
| Introduction | p. 283 |
| Types of Radioactive Nuclear Waste | p. 285 |
| Underground Research Laboratory | p. 286 |
| Stripa Underground Research Facility | p. 298 |
| Concept of Barriers | p. 299 |
| Design Aspects of Underground Repository | p. 300 |
| Vertical Emplacement in a Pit | p. 300 |
| Alternative System Layout for Very Long Hole (VLH) | p. 304 |
| Instrumentation | p. 395 |
| Retrievability of Canister | p. 306 |
| Public Acceptance of Radioactive Waste Repository | p. 306 |
| References | p. 306 |
| Contractual Risk Sharing | |
| The Risk | p. 309 |
| Management of Risk | p. 314 |
| Risk Management Tools-Fault Tree Analysis | p. 318 |
| Recommendations of International Tunnelling Association | p. 319 |
| Recommendations of International Standard Organisation | p. 320 |
| Role of Engineering Leaders | p. 321 |
| Construction Planning and Risk | p. 321 |
| Time and Cost Estimates | p. 322 |
| References | p. 323 |
| Annexure | p. 325 |
| Index | p. 329 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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