The Climate Near the Ground
by Geiger, Rudolf; Aron, Robert H.; Todhunter, PaulEdition: 7th
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2009-03-16
Publisher(s): Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
List Price: $152.00
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Summary
This revised and updated edition of Rudolf Geiger's classic text provides a clear and vivid description of the surface microclimate, its physical basis, and its interactions with the biosphere. The book explains the principles of microclimatology and illustrates how they apply to a wide array of subfields. Those new to the field will find it especially valuable as a guide to understanding and quantifying the vast and ever-increasing literature on the subject. Designed as an introductory text for students in environmental science, this book will also be an essential reference for scientists seeking a clear understanding of the nature and physical basis of the climate near the ground, and its interactions with the biosphere.
Author Biography
The late Rudolf Geiger was a noted German microclimatologist. Robert H. Aron is professor in the Department of Geography at Central Michigan University. Paul Todhunter is chair of the Department of Geography at the University of North Dakota.
Table of Contents
| In Commemoration of Rudolf Geiger's One Hundredth Anniversary | p. IX |
| Prefaces | p. XII |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Microclimate and Research | p. 1 |
| Earth's Surface Energy Budget | p. 5 |
| Physical Basis of Earth's Radiation Balance | p. 5 |
| Components of the Energy Balance and Their Importance | p. 8 |
| Radiation Balance of Earth's Surface | p. 10 |
| Longwave Radiation at Night | p. 19 |
| The Laws of Energy Transport in the Ground | p. 27 |
| Transport of Energy in the Atmosphere. Eddy Diffusion | p. 33 |
| Mixing Due to Friction and Convection | p. 35 |
| Temperature Instability, Dissemination of Seeds, Dispersion of Air Pollutants, and Effective Stack Height as Problems of Eddy Diffusion | p. 39 |
| The Air Layer Over Level Ground without Vegetation | p. 51 |
| Normal Temperature Stratification in the Underlying Surface (the Ground) | p. 51 |
| Temperature in the Lowest 100 m of the Atmosphere | p. 61 |
| The Unstable Sublayer and the Inversion Sublayer | p. 67 |
| Daytime Temperature of the Air Layer near the Ground | p. 71 |
| Nighttime Temperature of the Air Layer near the Ground | p. 77 |
| Distribution of Water Vapor above the Ground | p. 84 |
| The Wind Field and the Influence of Wind near the Ground | p. 90 |
| Distribution of Particulates and Trace Gases | p. 100 |
| Optical Phenomena and Acoustics near the Ground | p. 110 |
| Influence of the Underlying Surface on the Adjacent Air Layer | p. 119 |
| Soil Type, Soil Mixtures, and Soil Tillage | p. 119 |
| Ground Color, Surface Temperature, Ground Cover (Mulching), and Greenhouses | p. 126 |
| Soil Moisture and Ground Frost | p. 136 |
| The Air Layer above Small Water Surfaces | p. 153 |
| The Air Layer near the Water Surface of Lakes, Seas, and Rivers | p. 162 |
| Snow and Ice Properties and Interaction with the Environment | p. 172 |
| Further Analysis of the Energy Balance | p. 193 |
| Basis and Methods of Evaluation | p. 193 |
| Results of Previous Energy Balance Measurements | p. 198 |
| Advective Influences and Transitional Climates | p. 206 |
| Evaporation | p. 213 |
| The Effect of Low Plant Cover on the Surface Air Layer | p. 225 |
| Energy Balance and Temperature of Plant Components | p. 225 |
| Radiation, Eddy Diffusion, and Evaporation in a Low Plant Cover | p. 239 |
| The Microclimate of Meadows and Grain Fields | p. 248 |
| The Microclimate of Gardens and Vineyards | p. 259 |
| Forest Climatology | p. 263 |
| Radiation in a Forest | p. 263 |
| Metabolism, Energy Storage, and Wind in a Forest | p. 276 |
| Air Temperature and Humidity in a Forest | p. 288 |
| Dew, Rain, and Snow in a Forest | p. 296 |
| Microclimate at the Stand Edges | p. 308 |
| The Climate of Forest Clearings | p. 320 |
| Climatic Influences of the Forest | p. 330 |
| The Influence of Topography on the Microclimate | p. 341 |
| Insolation on Various Slopes | p. 341 |
| Effects of Differing Amounts of Sunshine on the Microenvironment | p. 351 |
| Small-Scale Topographic Influences at Night (Cold Air Currents, Frost Hollows) | p. 360 |
| Local Winds in Hilly and Mountainous Terrain | p. 367 |
| The Climate of Various Slopes (Exposure Climate) | p. 384 |
| The Thermal Belt | p. 394 |
| Microclimate in the High Mountains | p. 404 |
| The Polar Regions | p. 419 |
| Speleoclimate - The Microclimate of Caves | p. 428 |
| Interrelations of Animals and Humans to the Microclimate | p. 437 |
| Animal Behavior | p. 438 |
| Animal Dwellings | p. 445 |
| Bioclimatology | p. 451 |
| Urban Climate | p. 459 |
| Artificial Protection against Wind | p. 476 |
| Artificial Protection against Low Temperatures | p. 496 |
| References | p. 509 |
| Symbols | p. 583 |
| Conversion Table | p. 587 |
| Author Index | p. 589 |
| Subject Index | p. 605 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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