Conceptual Statistics for Beginners,9780761833451

Conceptual Statistics for Beginners

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Edition: 3rd
ISBN13: 9780761833451
ISBN10: 0761833455
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-12-30
Publisher(s): UPA
List Price: $54.99

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Summary

Now in its third edition, Conceptual Statistics for Beginners emphasizes and facilitates the conceptual understanding of statistics and statistical concepts for the purpose of reading and accurately interpreting research literature. The last two chapters of the book introduce two new concepts. The first concept is type VI error, which is the inconsistency between the statistical procedure and the research question. The final chapter introduces the importance of the concept of "Replicability" vs. statistical significance and effect size.

Author Biography

Carole Newman is a Professor in the Department of Curricular and Instructional Studies at the University of Akron.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1(2)
CHAPTER I Introduction to Statistics
Objectives
3(2)
Subjects
5(2)
Measures of Central Tendency
7(3)
Mean Score
7(1)
Median
8(1)
Mode
9(1)
Appropriate use of Central Tendency
10(1)
What is data?
10(1)
Normal Distribution of Data
10(2)
Skewed Distribution of Data
12(2)
Variability
14(1)
Range
15(1)
Quartile Deviation
15(1)
Variance and Standard Deviation
15(2)
Normal Distribution
17(2)
Standard Scores
19(10)
Z Scores
19(4)
Z Scores Table
20(3)
T Scores
23(1)
Stanines
23(2)
Percentile and Percentile Rank
25(1)
Grade Equivalence
26(3)
Age Equivalence
29(1)
Chapter Summary
29(2)
CHAPTER II Correlation, Reliability and Validity
Correlation
Objectives
31(1)
Correlation Coefficient
32(3)
Scattergram
35(5)
Interpretation of r
40(2)
r²
42(1)
Rho
42(1)
Reliability
43(4)
Methods for Estimating Reliability
44(1)
Test-Retest
44(1)
Equivalent Form
45(1)
Internal Consistency
45(1)
Aspects that Affect Reliability
46(1)
Validity
47(4)
Face Validity
47(1)
Content Validity
48(1)
Concurrent Validity
48(1)
Predictive Validity
49(1)
Construct Validity
49(1)
Usefulness of Validity
50(1)
Chapter Summary
51(2)
CHAPTER III The Meaning of Statistical Significance
Objectives
53(2)
Hypothesis
55(1)
Type I Error
56(1)
Type II Error
56(1)
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests
57(1)
Tests of Significance
58(9)
t-tests
59(2)
How to Use a t-Table
59(2)
Chi Square (χ²)
61(3)
How to Use a χ² Table
61(3)
F-Tests
64
How to Use an F-Table
64
Similarities and Differences between the F-test and the t-test 66
How to Use a Table to determine if r is Significant
67(1)
Chapter Summary
68(3)
CHAPTER IV Introduction to the Concept of Interaction
Objectives
71(1)
Definition of Interaction
72(1)
Example of Plotting Interaction Data
72(2)
What Can be Interpreted When There is Significant Interaction
74(2)
Ordinal and Disordinal Interaction
76(2)
Plotting Interaction for Three Treatments Across Gender
78(2)
Dotted and Solid Lines
80(1)
Chapter Summary
81(2)
CHAPTER V Introduction to Factorial Design and Its Interpretation
Objectives
83(1)
Purpose of Research Design
84(1)
One-way Analysis of Variance Design
85(1)
Example of a 2 x 2 Factorial Design
86(2)
Calculating Degrees of Freedom
88(2)
Example of a 2 x 3 Factorial Design
90(2)
Example of a 2 x 2 x 2 Factorial Design
92(2)
Important Considerations
94(1)
Chapter Summary
95(2)
CHAPTER VI Introduction to Research Design: Internal & External Validity
Objectives
97(1)
Pre-Experimental Designs
98(1)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
99(1)
Ex Post Facto Research
99(5)
Chapter Summary
104(3)
CHAPTER VII Further Discussions on Research Designs
Objectives
107(5)
Design # 1 The One Shot Case Study
112(1)
Design # 2 The Pre-test, Post-test Case Study
113(1)
Design # 3 The Simulated Before-After Design
114(1)
Design # 4 Two Groups - Non-Equivalence
115(2)
Design # 5 Experimental Control, Pre- and Post- test Design
117(1)
Design # 6 The Longitudinal Time Design
118(2)
Design # 7 Experimental and Control Groups Randomized Subjects
120(2)
Design # 8 Experimental and Control Groups Matched Subjects
122(1)
Design # 9 Before and After, with Control Groups
123(1)
Design #10 The Solomon
124(3)
CHAPTER VIII Type VI Error: Inconsistency Between the Statistical Procedure and the Research Question 127(16)
Suggested Approach for Conducting Research
137(2)
In Retrospect
139(1)
Chapter Summary
140(3)
CHAPTER IX Two Method of Estimating a Study's Replicability 143(15)
Statistically Significant Exact Replications of a Study
144(3)
Replication in a Different System
147(5)
Implications
152(6)
REFERENCES 158(6)
APPENDICES
A. Table of Tests of Significance
164(1)
B. Computation of Correlation Coefficient
165(5)
C. Computation of Chi Square (χ²)
170(3)
D. Computation of an Independent t-Test
173(2)
E. Computation of a Dependent t-Test
175(1)
F. Computation of a One-Way Analysis of Variance
176(2)
G. Computation of a 3 x 3 Factorial Analysis
178(5)
H. Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a Correlational Problem
183(2)
I. Example of an SAS Computer Setup for an Independent t-Test
185(6)
J. Example of an SAS Computer Setup for an ANOVA
191(2)
K. Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a 3 x 3 Factorial Analysis
193(2)
L. Example of an SAS Computer Setup for a Chi Square
195(3)
M. Example of a SAS Computer Setup for a Descriptive Program on Frequencies
198(5)
N. Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Correlational Problem
203(2)
O. Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Chi Square
205(2)
P. Example of and SPSSX Computer Setup for a dependent t-Test
207(3)
Q. Example of an SPSSX Computer Setup for a Two-Way (3 x 3) Analysis of Variance
210(2)
R. Example of Corrections of Multiple
212(2)
S. SPSS Analysis of the One-Way ANOVA Example in Appendix F
214(2)
T. SPSS Analysis of the Two-Way ANOVA Example in Appendix G
216(3)
GLOSSARY 219(14)
INDEX 233(8)
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 241

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