| Introduction |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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How This Book Is Organized |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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The Development of Ergonomics |
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3 | (3) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Directions in North America |
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5 | (1) |
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Names for the Discipline: ``Ergonomics''and ``Human Factors'' |
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6 | (1) |
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The Ergonomic Knowledge Base |
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6 | (2) |
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Professional Organizations |
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8 | (1) |
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Sources of Ergonomic Information |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
| PART ONE THE ERGONOMIC KNOWLEDGE BASE |
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11 | (312) |
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The Anatomical and Mechanical Structure of the Human Body |
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13 | (77) |
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13 | (1) |
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Development of the Human Race |
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13 | (2) |
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Anthropology and Anthropometry |
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15 | (18) |
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16 | (5) |
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Available Anthropometric Information |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (4) |
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25 | (1) |
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U.S. Civilians' Body Sizes |
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25 | (1) |
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Anthropometric Statistics |
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26 | (7) |
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33 | (9) |
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39 | (3) |
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42 | (7) |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (20) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (5) |
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59 | (7) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (6) |
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Biomechanical Description of the Body |
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72 | (7) |
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Links, Joints, and Masses |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (1) |
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Describing Human Motion (Kinematics) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (8) |
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Assessment of Human Body Strength |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (4) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (1) |
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How to Body Does Its Work |
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90 | (35) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (5) |
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93 | (1) |
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Architecture of the Circulatory System |
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94 | (3) |
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Regulation of Circulation |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (8) |
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Human Metabolism and Work |
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99 | (2) |
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Energy Transformation in the Human Body |
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101 | (5) |
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Assessment of Energy Expenditures at Work |
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106 | (6) |
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Techniqes of Measuring Oxygen Uptake |
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110 | (1) |
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Subjective Rating of Perceived Effort |
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110 | (2) |
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Energy Requirements at Work |
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112 | (11) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (4) |
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118 | (5) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (36) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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The ``Traditional''and the ``Ecological''Concepts |
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126 | (1) |
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Organization of the Nervous System |
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127 | (26) |
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Central and Peripheral Nervous System |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (6) |
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133 | (2) |
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Ergonomic Uses of Nervous Signals |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (8) |
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Stress on the Individual and Crews |
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145 | (3) |
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Strain Experienced by an Individual |
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148 | (3) |
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Strain Experienced by Confined Groups |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (4) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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Controversy About the Use of Polygraphy for Lie Detection |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (72) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (2) |
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162 | (1) |
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Adaptation and Inhibition |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (22) |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (3) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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Measurement of Light (Photometry) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (1) |
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Photometry Adapted to the Human Eye |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
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Other Theories of Color Vision |
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186 | (8) |
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187 | (1) |
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Esthetics and Psychology of Color |
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187 | (7) |
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Hearing--The Auditory Sense |
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194 | (21) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Physiological Effects of Sound |
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199 | (2) |
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Noise-Induced Hearing Loss |
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201 | (5) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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Predicting Speech Intelligibility |
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207 | (8) |
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Smelling--The Olfactory Sense |
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215 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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Describing Qualities of Odor |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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Tasting--The Gustation Sense |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (2) |
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Taste Stimuli and Qualities |
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219 | (1) |
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Touching--The Cutaneous Senses |
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220 | (5) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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Architecture of the Taction System |
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221 | (1) |
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Tactile Sensor Stimulation |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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Sensing Electrical Stimulation |
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224 | (1) |
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Balancing the Body--The Vestibular Sense |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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Engineering Use of Sensory Capabilities |
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226 | (5) |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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How the Body Interacts with the Environment |
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233 | (59) |
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233 | (1) |
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Thermoregulation of the Human Body |
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233 | (20) |
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234 | (1) |
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Energy Exchanges with the Environment |
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234 | (2) |
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Temperature Regulation and Sensation |
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236 | (1) |
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Achieving Thermal Homeostasis |
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237 | (2) |
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Reactions of the Body to Hot Environments |
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239 | (4) |
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Reactions of the Body to Cold Environments |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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Working Strenuously in Heat and Cold |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (2) |
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Designing the Thermal Environment |
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250 | (3) |
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253 | (1) |
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Working Strenuously at High Altitudes |
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254 | (2) |
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The Effects of Vibration on the Human Body |
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256 | (17) |
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257 | (4) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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Subjective Assessment of Vibration Effects |
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263 | (1) |
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Combined Vibration and Noise |
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264 | (1) |
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Effects of Vibration on Performance |
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264 | (1) |
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Vibrations Causing Injuries and Disorders |
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265 | (3) |
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Effects of Impacts and Sustained Gs |
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268 | (1) |
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Models of the Dynamic Response of the Human Body |
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269 | (4) |
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273 | (1) |
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Astronauts and ``Weightlessness'' |
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273 | (10) |
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276 | (1) |
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Pollution and Contamination |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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Impact with Objects in Space |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Blood and Fluid Distribution |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Effects of Microgravity on Performance |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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Accelerations in Aerospace |
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283 | (3) |
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Summary of Aerospace Human Engineering |
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286 | (1) |
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Working and Diving Under Water |
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286 | (3) |
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Sensory Inputs and Perception |
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286 | (1) |
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Effects of Water Pressure |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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Body Rhythms, Work Schedules, and Effects of Alcohol |
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292 | (31) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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293 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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Daily Performance Rhythms |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (4) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (2) |
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Normal Sleep Requirements |
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301 | (1) |
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Prolonged Hours of Work and Sleep Deprivation |
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301 | (2) |
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Sleep Deprivation and Recovery |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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Compressed Workweek/Extended Workday |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Which Shift Systems are Most Suitable? |
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308 | (6) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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``...The Times, They Are A'Changin...'' |
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313 | (1) |
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Body Rhythms and ShiftWork: Summary |
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314 | (1) |
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Effects of Alcohol on Performance |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Effects of Alcohol on the Nervous System |
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317 | (1) |
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Effects of Alcohol on the Senses |
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317 | (3) |
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Effects of Alcohol on Motor Control |
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318 | (1) |
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Effects of Alcohol on Cognition |
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318 | (1) |
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Alcohol Abuse and Dependence |
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318 | (2) |
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Effects of Alcohol on Performance of Industrial Tasks |
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320 | (1) |
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Effects of Alcohol on Automobile Driving |
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320 | (1) |
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Effects of Alcohol on Pilots |
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320 | (1) |
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Effects of Alcohol: Summary |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
| PART TWO DESIGN APPLICATIONS |
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323 | (290) |
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Ergonomic Models, Methods, and Measurements |
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325 | (12) |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
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328 | (1) |
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329 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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332 | (2) |
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Turning a Question into a Testable Hypothesis |
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333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (1) |
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Designing to Fit the Moving Body |
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337 | (67) |
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337 | (1) |
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Moving, Not Staying Still |
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337 | (2) |
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Suitable Body Motions and Positions at Work |
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339 | (4) |
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Recording and Evaluating Postures at Work |
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343 | (4) |
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Designing for the Standing Operator |
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347 | (3) |
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Designing for the Sitting Operator |
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350 | (5) |
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How Chairs Became Used in China |
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352 | (3) |
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Designing for Working Positions Other than Sitting or Standing |
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355 | (5) |
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Designing for Foot Operation |
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360 | (5) |
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Rules for Designing Foot Controls |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (6) |
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371 | (8) |
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Design Rules for Hand Tools |
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379 | (1) |
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Designing for Human Strength |
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379 | (3) |
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Rules for Designing for Operator Strength |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Designing to Avoid Overuse Disorders in the Shop and Office |
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383 | (4) |
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Biomechanical Strains of the Body |
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387 | (4) |
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Body Components at Risk from ODs |
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388 | (1) |
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389 | (2) |
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Occupational Activities and Related Disorders |
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391 | (4) |
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Stages of Overuse Disorders and Their Treatment |
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395 | (1) |
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NonBiomechanical Factors in ODs |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (3) |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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The Office (Computer) Workstation |
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404 | (37) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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Is There a Normal, Healthy, Ideal Posture? |
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405 | (1) |
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Theories of ``Healthy''Standing |
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405 | (1) |
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Theories of ``Healthy''Sitting |
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405 | (7) |
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405 | (1) |
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Maintaining Lumbar Lordosis? |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (3) |
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There is No One Healthy Posture |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (4) |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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Ergonomic Design of the Office Workstation |
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416 | (24) |
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Designing the Visual Interface |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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Placing the Visual Targets |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Avoiding Glare from the Computer Screen |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (2) |
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Screen Filters and Treatments |
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424 | (1) |
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Design for ``No Bright Spots'' |
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425 | (1) |
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Lenses to Correct Vision Defects |
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425 | (2) |
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Designing the Motor Interface |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (2) |
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429 | (2) |
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Designing the Sit-Down Workstation |
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431 | (1) |
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Design Furniture for Change |
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432 | (3) |
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Designing the Stand-Up Workstation |
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435 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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Changes through Technical Developments |
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437 | (1) |
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Job Content and Work Organization |
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437 | (3) |
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440 | (1) |
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440 | (1) |
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Selection, Design, and Arrangement of Controls and Displays |
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441 | (60) |
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441 | (1) |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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Compatibility of Control-Machine Movement |
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443 | (1) |
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Control Actuation Force or Torque |
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443 | (2) |
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Control-Effect Relationships |
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445 | (1) |
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Continuous versus Detent Controls |
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445 | (1) |
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445 | (3) |
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Arrangement and Grouping of Controls |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (15) |
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464 | (1) |
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465 | (7) |
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Preventing Accidental Activation of Controls |
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472 | (3) |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (6) |
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475 | (4) |
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479 | (2) |
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481 | (1) |
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481 | (1) |
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482 | (1) |
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482 | (4) |
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483 | |
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Qualitative and Quantitative Displays |
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481 | (5) |
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486 | (4) |
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Location and Arrangement of Displays |
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490 | (1) |
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Control-Display Assignments |
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490 | (4) |
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491 | (3) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (3) |
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496 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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Active Versus Passive Warnings |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (1) |
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498 | (2) |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (61) |
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501 | (1) |
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Introduction: Strains Associated with Handling Loads |
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501 | (1) |
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Assessing Body Capabilities Related to Material Handling |
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502 | (6) |
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Psychophysical Measurements |
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503 | (1) |
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Biomechanical Measurements |
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503 | (3) |
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506 | (2) |
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508 | (11) |
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Training in Proper Lifting Techniques |
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509 | (1) |
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510 | (2) |
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Fitness and Flexibility Training |
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512 | (1) |
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513 | (3) |
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Summary of Review of Training |
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516 | (3) |
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Personnel Selection by Physical Testing |
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519 | (5) |
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Limitations in Capability |
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520 | (1) |
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520 | (1) |
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Techniques using ``Strength''for Screening |
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521 | (1) |
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Pros and Cons of Screening Techniques |
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522 | (2) |
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Ergonomic Design for Load Handling |
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524 | (30) |
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Permissible Loads for Handling |
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539 | (11) |
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550 | (4) |
|
Activities Other Than Industrial Lifting, Lowering and Carrying |
|
|
554 | (5) |
|
|
|
554 | (4) |
|
|
|
558 | (1) |
|
|
|
559 | (1) |
|
|
|
560 | (2) |
|
Designing for Special Populations |
|
|
562 | (40) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
Special Designs for Women and Men? |
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Coping with Environmental Stress |
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
Task Performance in General |
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Designing for Pregnant Women |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
|
|
569 | (6) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
Changes in Respiration and Circulation |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
Changes in Nervous Functions |
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
Changes in Taste and Smell |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Change in Visual Functions |
|
|
580 | (3) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
Changes in the Vitreous Humor |
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (2) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
Changes in Somesthetic Sensitivity |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
Changes in Psychometric Performance |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
585 | (3) |
|
Designing for the Aging Passenger |
|
|
586 | (2) |
|
Designing the Home for the Aging |
|
|
588 | (4) |
|
The Design of Nursing Homes |
|
|
590 | (2) |
|
Ergonomic Design for Disabled Persons |
|
|
592 | (8) |
|
|
|
592 | (1) |
|
|
|
593 | (7) |
|
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
601 | (1) |
|
Why and How to Do Ergonomics |
|
|
602 | (11) |
|
Introduction: The Evolution of Ergonomics |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Reasons to Use Ergonomics |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Micro-and Macroergonomics |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (4) |
|
|
|
603 | (2) |
|
Ergonomic Interventions in Existing Designs |
|
|
605 | (2) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Judging the Efficacy of Ergonomic Interventions |
|
|
607 | (3) |
|
Optimal versus Good Solutions |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Measuring the Results of Ergonomics |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
It Is Good and It Feels Good |
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
|
|
609 | (1) |
|
``Improving Human and System Performance, Health, Safety, Comfort, and the Quality of Life'' |
|
|
610 | (3) |
| PART THREE FURTHER INFORMATION |
|
613 | (2) |
| References |
|
615 | (37) |
| Glossary of Terms |
|
652 | (25) |
| Index |
|
677 | |
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