Interdomain Multicast Routing Practical Juniper Networks and Cisco Systems Solutions: Practical Juniper Networks and Cisco Systems Solutions

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Edition: 1st
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2002-04-24
Publisher(s): Addison-Wesley Professional
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Summary

Increasing numbers of ISPs have begun implementing multicast infrastructure. Soon the Internet will provide multicast connectivity between any two points on the Internet the way it provides for unicast traffic today. Long-evolving protocols are reaching maturity, and enterprise networks and ISPs around the world are ramping up their multicast infrastructure. Now, more than ever, network engineers must be ready to deal with new applications that capitalize on the simultaneous, efficient delivery of data and imagery to multiple recipients. Interdomain Multicast Routing is the key to unlocking the complexities of this growing technology. Starting with a summary of the technology and its relevant protocols, this book shows readers the big picture before revealing a detailed analysis of important protocols and the way they work with one another. Throughout, the authors focus on both Cisco Systems and Juniper Networks technology--the two leading vendors of routers and routing technology. Real-life examples are used to clearly illustrate key concepts. Specific topics covered in Interdomain Multicast Routing include: bull; bull;Background and in-depth analyses of multicast routing using PIM-SM and MSDP bull;Comparison of Any-Source and Source-Specific multicast delivery models bull;Explanation of how MBGP and M-ISIS can be used side by side to build a dedicated multicast environment bull;A detailed breakdown of the differences between IGMP versions 1, 2, and 3 bull;A step-by-step guide to understanding the MSDP RPF-peer selection rules bull;Lists of packet formats for IGMP, PIM, and MSDP bull;A complete glossary that clarifies important terms and acronyms and provides their definitions Practical and thorough in coverage, Interdomain Multicast Routing is an important addition to any network engineer's bookshelf. 0201746123B04022002

Author Biography

Brian M. Edwards is a customer support engineer for accounts in Juniper Networks' Technical Assistance Center, where he troubleshoots problems affecting the largest ISP networks. He holds the highest level of both Juniper Networks and Cisco Systems certifications (CCIE #6187 and JNCIE #9), and a B.S. in Computer Engineering from the University of Florida.

Leonard A. Giuliano is a systems engineer for Juniper Networks, supporting large ISPs in the architecture, design, and operation of backbone networks. Leonard specializes in IP multicast, IP core routing, and traffic engineering. He previously worked as a multicast architect for SprintLink, the world's first native multicast-enabled Internet backbone. Leonard is coauthor of multiple published documents on multicast networking, including the IETF's Source-Specific Multicast (SSM) Framework specification. He is also a member of the IETF's MSDP Design Team. He earned his B.S.E. in Electrical Engineering from Duke University.

Brian R. Wright is a technical writer specializing in message-based computer operating systems and large financial transaction-processing applications. His clients include EDS, Exxon-Mobil, National Bank of Detroit, and MasterCard International. He is a member of the S.E. Michigan Society for Technical Communication and acquired his B.S.M.E. at Wayne State University.



0201746123AB04022002

Table of Contents

Forewordp. xv
Prefacep. xix
Interdomain Multicast Fundamentalsp. 1
What Is Multicast?p. 1
Internetworking Basicsp. 4
Multicast Basicsp. 6
Reverse Path Forwardingp. 7
Populating the RPF Tablep. 12
Interdomain Multicast Routingp. 13
Where Is Multicast?p. 15
Multicast on the LANp. 16
IGMPp. 16
IGMP Proxyingp. 17
Layer 3 to Layer 2 Mappingp. 17
Layer 2 Switchesp. 19
ASM versus SSMp. 20
Addressing Issuesp. 21
Applicationsp. 23
Multicast Performance in Routersp. 24
RP Loadp. 26
Disclaimers and Fine Printp. 27
Why Multicast?p. 28
Multicast Lacks the "Killer App"p. 30
The Content versus Audience Chicken-and-Egg Scenariop. 30
The "How Do We Charge for It?" Syndromep. 31
Multicast Protocols Are Complex and May Break the Unicast Networkp. 32
Cannibalization of Unicast Bandwidth Revenuesp. 33
End-to-End Connectivity Requiredp. 34
Lack of Successful Modelsp. 34
Not Ready for Prime-Time Televisionp. 35
Susceptibility to DoSp. 36
Unfriendly Last Mile Technologies, Less Friendly Firewallsp. 36
The Need for Multicastp. 37
Final Outlookp. 38
IMR Overviewp. 39
Receiving Multicast Traffic: IGMP from the Perspective of the Hostp. 41
Detecting Multicast Receivers: IGMP from the Perspective of the Routerp. 42
Generating Multicast Trafficp. 43
Detecting Multicast Sourcesp. 44
Routing Multicast Traffic within a Domain Using PIM-SMp. 44
Phase 1: Building the RPT That Delivers Packets from the RP to Interested Listenersp. 46
Phase 2: Building the Distribution Tree that Delivers Packets from the Source to the RPp. 48
Phase 3: Building the SPT that Delivers Packets Directly from the Source to the Interested Listenersp. 50
Routing Multicast Traffic across Multiple Domains with MSDPp. 53
MSDP in the Example Networkp. 54
Populating a Routing Table Dedicated to RPF Checks with MBGPp. 55
MBGP in the Example Networkp. 58
Multicast Routing Protocolsp. 61
Dense Protocolsp. 61
DVMRPp. 62
PIM-DMp. 63
Sparse Protocolsp. 63
Sparse-Dense Modep. 66
Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)p. 67
Specificationsp. 67
PIM Versionsp. 67
Version 1p. 67
Version 2p. 68
Group-to-RP Mappingp. 69
Static Group-to-RP Mappingp. 70
Dynamic Group-to-RP Mapping: Cisco Systems Auto-RPp. 70
Dynamic Group-to-RP Mapping: PIM Bootstrapp. 72
Anycast RPp. 74
PIM Register Message Processingp. 76
Distribution Tree Construction and Teardownp. 77
Scenario 1: Source Comes Online First, Then a Receiver Joinsp. 77
Scenario 2: Second Receiver Joins after SPT Is Set Up for Another Receiverp. 80
Scenario 3: Receiver Ends Group Membershipp. 81
Scenario 4: Conference Modelp. 81
Designated Routers and Hello Messagesp. 82
PIM Assert Messagesp. 83
Multicast Scopingp. 86
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)p. 89
Introductionp. 89
MSDP Operationp. 90
MSDP Peering Sessionsp. 93
The MSDP SA Messagep. 94
Determining the RPF Peerp. 95
The Current Versions RPF-Peer Rulesp. 96
RPF Rules from Draft Version 2p. 102
Avoiding Pitfallsp. 102
Mesh Groupsp. 103
MSDP Policyp. 105
SA Storms, Ramen, and MSDP Rate Limitingp. 105
Outlook for MSDPp. 107
Source-Specific Multicast (SSM)p. 109
Introductionp. 109
Overview of SSM Operationp. 111
SSM Addressesp. 112
RPF in SSMp. 112
Advantages and Disadvantages of SSMp. 113
IGMPv3 in SSMp. 116
IGMP Version Compatibilityp. 119
PIM-SM in SSMp. 119
Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP (MBGP)p. 121
Overviewp. 121
Other Ways to Populate the Multicast RPF Tablep. 124
Juniper Networks and Cisco Systems Conventionsp. 126
Recursive Lookup for BGP Next Hopsp. 128
BGP and Related Terminologyp. 128
BGP Internals--Foundation for Understanding MBGPp. 129
NLRIp. 133
BGP Route Selectionp. 134
Extending BGP: MBGPp. 134
MBGP Internalsp. 135
BGP Capabilities Negotiationp. 137
New Path Attributes in MBGPp. 140
Using MGBP for Multicast Routingp. 142
Manipulation of Path Attributesp. 142
Multitopology Routing in Intermediate System to Intermediate System (M-ISIS)p. 145
Overview of IS-ISp. 146
IS-IS Backgroundp. 146
ISO Addressesp. 148
IS-IS Areas and Levelsp. 150
Type Length Values (TLVs)p. 151
Specifics of IS-ISp. 152
IS-IS Packetsp. 153
IS-IS Neighbor State Machine on Point- to-Point Linksp. 154
IS-IS on Multiaccess Networksp. 154
Exchanging Link-State Information with Neighborsp. 155
Interarea Leakingp. 155
Extending TLVsp. 156
Overview of M-ISISp. 159
Specifics of M-ISISp. 160
Forming Adjacenciesp. 160
M-ISIS TLVsp. 162
Examples of Using M-ISISp. 164
Configuring and Verifying Multicast Routing on Juniper Networks Routersp. 167
Configuring IGMP and PIMp. 168
Enabling Interfaces for IGMP and PIMp. 168
SSM Group Rangep. 170
The Tunnel PIC and the pe and pd Interfacesp. 170
Configuring Static Group-to-RP Mappingp. 172
Configuring the PIM Bootstrap Mechanismp. 174
Configuring Auto-RPp. 175
Configuring Anycast RPp. 179
Monitoring PIM Join State and Multicast Forwardingp. 180
Configuring MSDPp. 185
Configuring a Dedicated RPF Tablep. 187
Configuring MBGPp. 191
Configuring M-ISISp. 194
Configuring OSPF to Place Routes in inet.2p. 196
Configuring DVMRP to Provide RPF Information to PIMp. 197
Configuring and Verifying Multicast Routing on Cisco Systems Routersp. 199
Configuring PIM and IGMPp. 200
Enabling Interfaces for IGMP and PIMp. 200
SSM Group Rangep. 202
Configuring Static RPp. 202
Configuring the PIM-SM Bootstrap Mechanismp. 203
Configuring Auto-RPp. 204
Configuring Anycast RPp. 207
Monitoring PIM Join State and Multicast Forwardingp. 208
Configuring MSDPp. 209
Configuring a Dedicated RPF Tablep. 211
Configuring MBGPp. 214
Configuring DVMRP to Provide RPF Information to PIMp. 216
Case Study: Service Provider Native Deploymentp. 217
Network Architecturep. 217
PIM-SMp. 218
IGPp. 219
MBGPp. 219
MSDPp. 219
ISP Router Configurationsp. 220
ISP RP Configuration: Juniper Networksp. 221
ISP RP Configuration: Cisco Systemsp. 225
ISP Non-RP Configuration: Juniper Networksp. 228
ISP Non-RP Configuration: Cisco Systemsp. 231
Customer Router Configurationsp. 232
Customer Without RP Configuration: Juniper Networksp. 232
Customer Without RP Configuration: Cisco Systemsp. 235
Customer RP Configuration: Juniper Networksp. 236
Customer RP Configuration: Cisco Systemsp. 239
SSM-Only Domainp. 241
SSM-Only Configuration: Juniper Networksp. 241
SSM-Only Configuration: Cisco Systemsp. 243
Management Tools for Multicast Networksp. 245
SNMP MIBsp. 245
Multicast Routing MIB (ipMRouteStdMIB)p. 247
IGMP MIB (igmpStdMIB)p. 248
PIM MIB (pimMIB)p. 248
MSDP MIB (msdpMIB)p. 249
The mtrace Facilityp. 249
The MSDP Traceroute Facilityp. 252
Other Related Topicsp. 253
Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP)p. 253
Multicast Address Set Claim Protocol (MASC)p. 254
Bi-Directional PIM (Bi-Dir PIM)p. 254
Multicast Data Packets and Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP)p. 255
IGMP Packet Formatsp. 257
IGMP Version 3 Packet Formatsp. 257
IGMP Version 2 Packet Formatsp. 268
IGMP Version 1 Packet Formatsp. 270
PIM Packet Formatsp. 273
PIM Version 2 Packet Formatsp. 273
PIM Version 1 Packet Formatsp. 292
MSDP Packet Formatsp. 299
MSDP Packet Formatsp. 299
Glossaryp. 307
Bibliographyp. 325
About the Authorsp. 329
Indexp. 331
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Excerpts

Interdomain Multicast Routingis a book on the timely technology of multicasting and is written, mainly, for network engineers responsible for configuring and maintaining that capability within their networks. It is a practical reference guide that includes Cisco Systems and Juniper Networks technology. The authors' goals are to explain the rationale and benefits of multicast routing on the Internet, to include the two leading vendors of routers and routing technology and note how they differ when applying interdomain multicast routing (IMR), and to explain the underpinnings of interdomain multicasting in simple, clear language. For a preview of the topics within this book, the following chapter listings detail the topic matter.Chapter 1, "Interdomain Multicast Fundamentals," begins with a definition of multicast transmisson of data in contrast to other means of data delivery, within and outside the Internet, and then provides an introductory explanation of some of the issues affecting successful routing of multicast traffic on the Internet. Those seeking to understand the enormous potential for multicast may wish to tune in directly to this section.Chapter 2, "IMR Overview," is a general description of how to generate and receive multicast traffic, including a description of methods for routers to detect sources and receivers of multicast traffic. The discussion then proceeds from multicast single-domain routing using PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode) to interdomain multicast routing using MSDP (Multicast Source Discovery Protocol).Chapter 3, "Multicast Routing Protocols," examines the two primary types of multicast routing protocols, describing the main features and examples of each.Chapter 4, "Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)," lays out PIM-SM, the predominant multicast routing protocol for interdomain routing. Since PIM-SM is commonly used in the initial sequence of activities that gets multicast up and running within a single domain, the procedure dominates the scope of this chapter. PIM messages for both version 1 and version 2 of the protocol are covered, as is the use of anycast rendezvous point (RP) to improve load balancing and redundancy. Ample diagrams and corresponding examples describe distribution tree construction and teardown for various topologies, and the chapter ends with a discussion of multicast scoping.Chapter 5, "Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)," demonstrates how to use MSDP to connect multiple PIM-SM domains and subdomains. MSDP is an any source multicast (ASM) mechanism for giving Internet multicast routing its "interdomain" reach. This chapter contains a number of illustrations of the rules that determine the reverse path forwarding (RPF) peer, a critical component in MSDP. Recognizing the paucity of clear information about MSDP peer-RPF rules, which are quite complex, the authors have provided detailed rule descriptions, as well as diagrams and realistic examples. The intent is for Chapter 5 to become the most definitive guide available on the subject (MSDP peer-RPF rules). The chapter concludes with sections on mesh groups, susceptibility to operational problems, and a discussion of the prospects for the widely used MSDP vis a vis the upcoming version of Border Gateway Multicast Protocol (BGMP).Chapter 6, "Source-Specific Multicast (SSM)," is a critical component of the book. SSM, a recent addition to the ever-changing multicast routing landscape, holds the greatest amount of promise for deployment, considering that many believe the most dominant commercial use of Internet multicast will likely conform to a one-to-many model. This chapter explains the rationale for development of this SSM service model versus ASM and how SSM can serve as a basis for learning the more complex world of ASM.Chapter 7, "Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP (MBGP)," and Chapter 8, "Multitopology Routing in Interm

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