Rotary Reactor Engineering

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2007-12-08
Publisher(s): Elsevier Science
List Price: $275.00

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Summary

Rotary reactors or rotary kilns are the reactors facilitating the chemical reaction between the gas and solid phases usually at high temperatures. This book, which is written by an expert in the field, describes the principles of the rotary reactor and the mode of its operation. These reactors are widely used in various chemical process industries (food, pharmaceuticals) and metallurgical industries. The book defines the physiochemical aspects of the rotart reactors and provides theoretical equations of their operation. The first part of this book presents the fundamentals; solid movement, conversion of solids, and heat transfer. The middle part of the book applies these equations to a variety of processes which have been developed so far, and shows how they are used. in its last part, conceptual designs of novel rotary reactors are proposed, which performance characteristics are predicted on the basis of above equations, especially, in gasification of solid wastes. - Defines the rotary reactors and their mode of operation. - Defines all operating parameters and gives equations to predict the operation of rotary reactors under various conditions. - Includes a number of practical examples from various industrial applications (metallurgical waste treatment etc).

Table of Contents

Prefacep. v
Notationp. vii
Introductionp. 1
Contacting methods between gas and solidsp. 1
Contact operation between gas and solidsp. 2
Residence time characteristics of solidsp. 4
Plug flow (rod-like flow)p. 4
Complete back-mix flow of solidsp. 4
Improvement of residence time characteristics in a rotary reactorp. 5
Enhancement of gas-solid contacting in rotary reactorsp. 5
Examples of industrial applicationp. 9
Cooperation with mechanical engineersp. 9
Referencesp. 10
Movement of Solids in Rotary Cylinderp. 11
Experimental studies on solids flow in a horizontally rotating cylinderp. 11
Movement of solids within a sectional area, perpendicular to the rotation axisp. 11
Both sides of cylinder closedp. 12
Circular weir at one side of cylinderp. 13
Circular weir to replace solids quicklyp. 14
Theoretical studies on movement of solidsp. 14
Simple modelp. 14
Transportation rate of solidsp. 15
Equations to predict the performance of a rotating cylinderp. 16
Discussions on obtained equationsp. 17
Improvement of residence time characteristics for rotating solidsp. 18
Application of screw cylindersp. 18
Research and development of U-Turn systemp. 19
Theoretical equations on transfer rate of solidsp. 20
Transfer rates of solids in annular spacep. 21
Comparison of partition plates with screw cylindersp. 22
p. 23
p. 23
p. 24
p. 24
Referencesp. 25
Conversion of Solids with Gaseous Reactantp. 27
Reaction rate of solid conversionp. 27
Kinetic models of gas-solid reactionsp. 30
Relation between rate constants of chemical reaction, based on different modelsp. 32
Application of kinetic models to oxidation of carbonp. 33
Graphitep. 33
Petroleum cokep. 33
Char from coalp. 34
Stable temperature of an isolated carbon particlep. 35
Gaseous reactant around particlep. 35
Carbon dispersed in inorganic solidsp. 36
Gasification of carbonp. 37
Boudouard's reactionp. 37
Gasification of carbon by steamp. 38
Activation of carbonaceous pelletp. 40
Roasting of zinc sulfidep. 41
Reduction of iron orep. 41
p. 42
p. 43
p. 44
p. 44
Referencesp. 46
Thermal Decomposition and Conversion of Composite Pelletsp. 47
Elimination of trace species in solidsp. 47
Calcination of limestonep. 47
Decomposition of manganese sulfatep. 49
Thermal cracking of organic solidsp. 50
Composite made of iron ore and oilp. 50
Reduction of composite pellet, ferro-chromium ore and cokep. 52
p. 52
p. 53
p. 53
Referencesp. 55
Conversion of Solids in Rotary Reactorsp. 57
Conversion of gas and solids within solids layerp. 57
Simplified modelp. 57
Effect of layer thickness on time necessary for conversion of solidsp. 59
Enhancement of contact by sending gaseous reactant into a rotating layer of solidsp. 61
Simplified modelp. 61
Conversions of solids, calculated from rate constant K[subscript r] for gaseous reactantp. 62
Conversion of solids, calculated from rate constant k[subscript r]p. 63
Different devicesp. 64
Rotary sealing of distribution manifoldp. 64
High temperature stability of isolated solids in exothermic reactionp. 64
Volumetric fraction of falling solidsp. 64
High temperature stability of falling solidsp. 64
High temperature near nozzles of injection gasp. 65
p. 65
p. 66
p. 67
Referencesp. 68
Heat Transfer in a Rotary Reactor, Direct Heatingp. 69
Combustion of fuelsp. 69
Combustion model of a gas burnerp. 69
Liquid fuelp. 71
Pulverized coal and cokep. 72
Inside combustion and reverse flamep. 72
Volume of combustion regionp. 74
Temperature profile in turbulent flamep. 74
Heat transfer in a rotary reactor at high temperaturep. 76
Radiant heat transfer from flame and combustion gasp. 76
Radiant heat transfer from inner wall surface to surface of rotating solids layerp. 78
Heat transfer coefficient by direct contacting of solids from the hot wall surfacep. 80
Temperature of the inner wall surfacep. 81
Heating capacity of a rotary reactorp. 82
Enhancement of heat transferp. 84
Lifters in a rotary dryerp. 84
Discussions on volumetric heat transfer coefficientp. 85
Partition platesp. 86
p. 86
p. 87
p. 87
p. 88
p. 89
Referencesp. 90
Performance of Rotary Reactors, Direct Heatingp. 93
Prediction of performancep. 93
Mass and enthalpy balancesp. 93
Enthalpy balance, complete combustionp. 93
Enthalpy balance, partial combustion and gasificationp. 94
Special casesp. 96
Applicability of equationsp. 97
Calcination of limestonep. 97
Procedure for design calculationp. 97
Estimation of heat lossp. 98
Prediction of overall performancep. 99
Prediction of solids conversion and gas temperaturep. 102
Pre-reduction of composite pellets, made of ferro-chromium ore and cokep. 105
Conversion of solidsp. 105
Rotary kilnp. 106
Direction of improvementp. 108
Activation of charp. 109
Model of a rotary reactorp. 109
Application of equationsp. 109
Direction of improvementp. 111
Gasification of combustible feed stockp. 111
p. 113
p. 113
p. 115
p. 119
p. 121
Referencesp. 125
Heat Transfer in Rotary Reactors, Indirect Heatingp. 127
Necessary information for satisfactory designp. 127
Material of the retortp. 127
Thickness of the rotary retortp. 127
Emissivity of the retort surfacep. 128
Sticking of solids and formation of thick layerp. 128
Heat transfer within the rotary retortp. 128
Heat transfer from an electric heaterp. 129
Heat transfer from gas flowp. 132
Examples of practical designp. 132
Proposed design for gas flowp. 132
Simplified modelp. 132
Overall heat transfer coefficient and temperature of retortp. 136
p. 136
p. 138
p. 139
p. 140
Referencep. 142
Performance of Rotary Reactors, Indirect Heatingp. 143
Electric heatingp. 143
Enthalpy balancep. 143
Improvement of electric heatingp. 144
Working equations for design calculation of the new heating systemp. 146
Prediction of performancep. 147
Direction of improvementp. 147
Heating by combustion gasp. 148
Oxidation of residual carbon in spent catalystp. 148
Direction of improvementp. 150
Application to thermal cracking of solid waste materialsp. 152
p. 153
p. 155
p. 157
p. 159
Application of a Rotary Reactor for the Re-utilization of Solid Wastesp. 163
Material and energy recovery from solid wastesp. 163
Proposed rotary reactors for re-utilization of secondary resourcesp. 164
De-lacquering of spent cansp. 164
Activation of charp. 165
Gasification of solid wastesp. 167
Matrix presentation of gasification processesp. 167
Gasification processes of MSW developed by the authorsp. 167
Proposal for a novel rotary reactor to produce rich gas from MSWp. 169
Gasification of sewage sludgep. 173
Conventional incinerationp. 173
Proposal for a rotary reactor to gasify sewage sludgep. 174
Possibility for application to gasification of low grade coalp. 175
p. 176
p. 179
p. 181
p. 186
p. 188
Referencesp. 195
Brief Careers of the Authorsp. 197
Indexp. 199
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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