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Summary
Table of Contents
| Preface | p. v |
| Notation | p. vii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Contacting methods between gas and solids | p. 1 |
| Contact operation between gas and solids | p. 2 |
| Residence time characteristics of solids | p. 4 |
| Plug flow (rod-like flow) | p. 4 |
| Complete back-mix flow of solids | p. 4 |
| Improvement of residence time characteristics in a rotary reactor | p. 5 |
| Enhancement of gas-solid contacting in rotary reactors | p. 5 |
| Examples of industrial application | p. 9 |
| Cooperation with mechanical engineers | p. 9 |
| References | p. 10 |
| Movement of Solids in Rotary Cylinder | p. 11 |
| Experimental studies on solids flow in a horizontally rotating cylinder | p. 11 |
| Movement of solids within a sectional area, perpendicular to the rotation axis | p. 11 |
| Both sides of cylinder closed | p. 12 |
| Circular weir at one side of cylinder | p. 13 |
| Circular weir to replace solids quickly | p. 14 |
| Theoretical studies on movement of solids | p. 14 |
| Simple model | p. 14 |
| Transportation rate of solids | p. 15 |
| Equations to predict the performance of a rotating cylinder | p. 16 |
| Discussions on obtained equations | p. 17 |
| Improvement of residence time characteristics for rotating solids | p. 18 |
| Application of screw cylinders | p. 18 |
| Research and development of U-Turn system | p. 19 |
| Theoretical equations on transfer rate of solids | p. 20 |
| Transfer rates of solids in annular space | p. 21 |
| Comparison of partition plates with screw cylinders | p. 22 |
| p. 23 | |
| p. 23 | |
| p. 24 | |
| p. 24 | |
| References | p. 25 |
| Conversion of Solids with Gaseous Reactant | p. 27 |
| Reaction rate of solid conversion | p. 27 |
| Kinetic models of gas-solid reactions | p. 30 |
| Relation between rate constants of chemical reaction, based on different models | p. 32 |
| Application of kinetic models to oxidation of carbon | p. 33 |
| Graphite | p. 33 |
| Petroleum coke | p. 33 |
| Char from coal | p. 34 |
| Stable temperature of an isolated carbon particle | p. 35 |
| Gaseous reactant around particle | p. 35 |
| Carbon dispersed in inorganic solids | p. 36 |
| Gasification of carbon | p. 37 |
| Boudouard's reaction | p. 37 |
| Gasification of carbon by steam | p. 38 |
| Activation of carbonaceous pellet | p. 40 |
| Roasting of zinc sulfide | p. 41 |
| Reduction of iron ore | p. 41 |
| p. 42 | |
| p. 43 | |
| p. 44 | |
| p. 44 | |
| References | p. 46 |
| Thermal Decomposition and Conversion of Composite Pellets | p. 47 |
| Elimination of trace species in solids | p. 47 |
| Calcination of limestone | p. 47 |
| Decomposition of manganese sulfate | p. 49 |
| Thermal cracking of organic solids | p. 50 |
| Composite made of iron ore and oil | p. 50 |
| Reduction of composite pellet, ferro-chromium ore and coke | p. 52 |
| p. 52 | |
| p. 53 | |
| p. 53 | |
| References | p. 55 |
| Conversion of Solids in Rotary Reactors | p. 57 |
| Conversion of gas and solids within solids layer | p. 57 |
| Simplified model | p. 57 |
| Effect of layer thickness on time necessary for conversion of solids | p. 59 |
| Enhancement of contact by sending gaseous reactant into a rotating layer of solids | p. 61 |
| Simplified model | p. 61 |
| Conversions of solids, calculated from rate constant K[subscript r] for gaseous reactant | p. 62 |
| Conversion of solids, calculated from rate constant k[subscript r] | p. 63 |
| Different devices | p. 64 |
| Rotary sealing of distribution manifold | p. 64 |
| High temperature stability of isolated solids in exothermic reaction | p. 64 |
| Volumetric fraction of falling solids | p. 64 |
| High temperature stability of falling solids | p. 64 |
| High temperature near nozzles of injection gas | p. 65 |
| p. 65 | |
| p. 66 | |
| p. 67 | |
| References | p. 68 |
| Heat Transfer in a Rotary Reactor, Direct Heating | p. 69 |
| Combustion of fuels | p. 69 |
| Combustion model of a gas burner | p. 69 |
| Liquid fuel | p. 71 |
| Pulverized coal and coke | p. 72 |
| Inside combustion and reverse flame | p. 72 |
| Volume of combustion region | p. 74 |
| Temperature profile in turbulent flame | p. 74 |
| Heat transfer in a rotary reactor at high temperature | p. 76 |
| Radiant heat transfer from flame and combustion gas | p. 76 |
| Radiant heat transfer from inner wall surface to surface of rotating solids layer | p. 78 |
| Heat transfer coefficient by direct contacting of solids from the hot wall surface | p. 80 |
| Temperature of the inner wall surface | p. 81 |
| Heating capacity of a rotary reactor | p. 82 |
| Enhancement of heat transfer | p. 84 |
| Lifters in a rotary dryer | p. 84 |
| Discussions on volumetric heat transfer coefficient | p. 85 |
| Partition plates | p. 86 |
| p. 86 | |
| p. 87 | |
| p. 87 | |
| p. 88 | |
| p. 89 | |
| References | p. 90 |
| Performance of Rotary Reactors, Direct Heating | p. 93 |
| Prediction of performance | p. 93 |
| Mass and enthalpy balances | p. 93 |
| Enthalpy balance, complete combustion | p. 93 |
| Enthalpy balance, partial combustion and gasification | p. 94 |
| Special cases | p. 96 |
| Applicability of equations | p. 97 |
| Calcination of limestone | p. 97 |
| Procedure for design calculation | p. 97 |
| Estimation of heat loss | p. 98 |
| Prediction of overall performance | p. 99 |
| Prediction of solids conversion and gas temperature | p. 102 |
| Pre-reduction of composite pellets, made of ferro-chromium ore and coke | p. 105 |
| Conversion of solids | p. 105 |
| Rotary kiln | p. 106 |
| Direction of improvement | p. 108 |
| Activation of char | p. 109 |
| Model of a rotary reactor | p. 109 |
| Application of equations | p. 109 |
| Direction of improvement | p. 111 |
| Gasification of combustible feed stock | p. 111 |
| p. 113 | |
| p. 113 | |
| p. 115 | |
| p. 119 | |
| p. 121 | |
| References | p. 125 |
| Heat Transfer in Rotary Reactors, Indirect Heating | p. 127 |
| Necessary information for satisfactory design | p. 127 |
| Material of the retort | p. 127 |
| Thickness of the rotary retort | p. 127 |
| Emissivity of the retort surface | p. 128 |
| Sticking of solids and formation of thick layer | p. 128 |
| Heat transfer within the rotary retort | p. 128 |
| Heat transfer from an electric heater | p. 129 |
| Heat transfer from gas flow | p. 132 |
| Examples of practical design | p. 132 |
| Proposed design for gas flow | p. 132 |
| Simplified model | p. 132 |
| Overall heat transfer coefficient and temperature of retort | p. 136 |
| p. 136 | |
| p. 138 | |
| p. 139 | |
| p. 140 | |
| Reference | p. 142 |
| Performance of Rotary Reactors, Indirect Heating | p. 143 |
| Electric heating | p. 143 |
| Enthalpy balance | p. 143 |
| Improvement of electric heating | p. 144 |
| Working equations for design calculation of the new heating system | p. 146 |
| Prediction of performance | p. 147 |
| Direction of improvement | p. 147 |
| Heating by combustion gas | p. 148 |
| Oxidation of residual carbon in spent catalyst | p. 148 |
| Direction of improvement | p. 150 |
| Application to thermal cracking of solid waste materials | p. 152 |
| p. 153 | |
| p. 155 | |
| p. 157 | |
| p. 159 | |
| Application of a Rotary Reactor for the Re-utilization of Solid Wastes | p. 163 |
| Material and energy recovery from solid wastes | p. 163 |
| Proposed rotary reactors for re-utilization of secondary resources | p. 164 |
| De-lacquering of spent cans | p. 164 |
| Activation of char | p. 165 |
| Gasification of solid wastes | p. 167 |
| Matrix presentation of gasification processes | p. 167 |
| Gasification processes of MSW developed by the authors | p. 167 |
| Proposal for a novel rotary reactor to produce rich gas from MSW | p. 169 |
| Gasification of sewage sludge | p. 173 |
| Conventional incineration | p. 173 |
| Proposal for a rotary reactor to gasify sewage sludge | p. 174 |
| Possibility for application to gasification of low grade coal | p. 175 |
| p. 176 | |
| p. 179 | |
| p. 181 | |
| p. 186 | |
| p. 188 | |
| References | p. 195 |
| Brief Careers of the Authors | p. 197 |
| Index | p. 199 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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