Spacecraft Power Systems

by ;
Edition: 1st
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2004-11-29
Publisher(s): CRC Press
List Price: $265.00

Buy New

Usually Ships in 5-7 Business Days
$264.74

Rent Textbook

Select for Price
There was a problem. Please try again later.

Used Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

eTextbook

We're Sorry
Not Available

How Marketplace Works:

  • This item is offered by an independent seller and not shipped from our warehouse
  • Item details like edition and cover design may differ from our description; see seller's comments before ordering.
  • Sellers much confirm and ship within two business days; otherwise, the order will be cancelled and refunded.
  • Marketplace purchases cannot be returned to eCampus.com. Contact the seller directly for inquiries; if no response within two days, contact customer service.
  • Additional shipping costs apply to Marketplace purchases. Review shipping costs at checkout.

Summary

The power systems of space vehicles have undergone significant development during the previous decade, and will continue to do so in the immediate future. Until now, except for the scattered results of conferences and a few publications with sketchy coverage, no single volume has covered the entire spectrum of the subject.Spacecraft Power Systems addresses every facet of electrical power system design, analyses, and operation with a level of detail found nowhere else. The book delivers wide coverage of the fundamentals of energy conversion, energy storage, power conditioning, energy management, and operational aspects that help engineers maintain a leading edge in the design of various systems. This volume provides the most recent data and procedures for designing an electrical power system that meets mission requirements at a minimum of cost and weight.This book evolved from courses taught by the author and from the author's deep involvement in many design and development programs at the General Electric Space Division and at Lockheed Martin Space Systems.

Table of Contents

Preface vii
Acknowledgment ix
About the Book x
About the Author xii
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Systems of Units and Conversion Factors xx
Space Flight Constants xxii
List of Chapters
xxiv
Part A: Power System Fundamentals
Satellite Overview
3(23)
Introduction
3(1)
Satellite systems
4(2)
Communications and data handling
4(1)
Attitude and orbit control system
4(1)
Tracking, telemetry, and command system
5(1)
Electrical power system
5(1)
Thermal control system
5(1)
Structure and mechanisms system
6(1)
Propulsion system
6(1)
Earth orbit classification
6(6)
Geostationary orbit
8(1)
Geosynchronous orbit
9(2)
Highly elliptical orbit
11(1)
Low Earth orbit
11(1)
Sunsynchronous orbit
12(1)
Orbit mechanics
12(1)
Satellite stabilization methods
13(2)
Gravity gradient method
13(1)
Magnetic damping
13(1)
Spin stabilization
13(1)
Three-axis stabilization
14(1)
Launch and transfer orbits
15(1)
Operational orbit
16(1)
Eclipse due to Earth
16(5)
Example
20(1)
Eclipse due to moon
21(1)
Solar flux
22(1)
Beta angle
23(1)
Spacecraft mass
24(2)
Reference
25(1)
Near-Earth Space Environment
26(14)
Introduction
26(1)
Launch and transfer orbit environment
26(1)
On-orbit environment
27(4)
Lack of gravity and atmosphere
27(1)
Magnetic field
27(1)
Meteoroids and debris
28(1)
Atomic oxygen
29(1)
Charged particles
30(1)
Van Allen belts
31(3)
Solar wind and solar flare
34(2)
Geomagnetic storm
36(1)
Nuclear threat
37(1)
Total radiation fluence
37(3)
References
39(1)
Power System Options
40(18)
Introduction
40(1)
Primary battery
41(1)
Fuel cell
42(1)
Solar PV-battery
43(2)
Solar concentrator--dynamic power system
45(3)
Nuclear--thermoelectric
48(1)
Nuclear or chemical--dynamic
49(1)
Other systems
50(2)
Thermo-photovoltaic
50(1)
Solar--thermoelectric
51(1)
Thermionic
51(1)
Alkaline metal thermal to electric converter
52(1)
Technology options compared
52(1)
System voltage options
53(3)
Scaling for power level
56(2)
References
57(1)
Photovoltaic--Battery System
58(34)
Introduction
58(4)
Solar array
58(1)
Battery
59(1)
Power regulation
60(2)
Power system architectures
62(1)
Direct energy transfer
62(1)
Peak power tracker
63(1)
Fully regulated bus
63(4)
Solar array
64(1)
Solar array drive
64(1)
Shunt dissipator
64(1)
Battery
64(1)
Power regulator unit
65(1)
Power distribution circuit
65(1)
Bus voltage controller
65(1)
Mode controller
65(1)
Battery bus
66(1)
Power and energy management software
67(1)
Loads
67(1)
Ground power cord
67(1)
Bus voltage control
67(2)
Control circuit
69(1)
Analog control
69(1)
Digital control
69(1)
Analog--digital hybrid control
70(1)
Sun-regulated bus
70(1)
Fully regulated vesus sun-regulated bus
71(2)
Peak power tracking bus
73(5)
Architecture trades
78(1)
The International Space Station 160- to 120-V bus
79(4)
Large communications satellite buses
83(3)
100-V bus
83(1)
70-V bus
84(2)
Under-50-V buses
86(1)
Small satellite bus
86(3)
Micro-satellite bus
89(3)
References
91(1)
Environmental Effects
92(13)
Introduction
92(1)
Solar array degradation
92(1)
Electrostatic discharge in the solar array
93(2)
Damage to the power electronics
95(3)
Effects on other components
98(1)
Mass erosion under atomic oxygen
99(3)
Micrometeoroid and debris impacts
102(1)
Predicting damage
102(3)
References
104(1)
Power System Requirements
105(6)
Introduction
105(1)
Self-derived requirements
106(1)
System specifications
107(4)
Design Process and Trades
111(24)
Introduction
111(1)
Spacecraft level trades
111(2)
Power system level trades
113(6)
PV cell trades
114(2)
Solar array trades
116(1)
Battery trades
117(1)
Bus voltage trades
117(1)
Pyro power trades
118(1)
Load power profile
119(3)
Solar array sizing
122(2)
Battery sizing
124(1)
Power flow analysis
125(2)
Design analyses list
127(1)
Worst-case error margin
127(2)
Design process phases
129(1)
Factory-to-orbit events
130(1)
Power system functions over life
131(4)
Part B: PV--Battery Power System
Solar Array
135(60)
Introduction
135(1)
Photovoltaic cell
135(2)
PV technologies
137(4)
Single-crystal silicon
138(2)
Gallium arsenide
140(1)
Semicrystalline and polycrystalline
140(1)
Thin film
140(1)
Amorphous
140(1)
Multi-junction
141(1)
Equivalent electrical circuit
141(2)
I-V and P-V characteristics
143(4)
Power from albedo
147(1)
Back-surface illumination
147(1)
Array construction
148(6)
Rigid panels
148(2)
Body mounted array
150(1)
Three or more wings
151(1)
Flexible array
151(2)
Inflatable arrays
153(1)
Array performance
154(12)
Sun intensity
154(1)
Sun angle
154(1)
Temperature effect
155(3)
Sun acquisition
158(3)
Sun tracking
161(1)
Peak power extraction
162(3)
Shadow effect
165(1)
Array design
166(12)
Degradation factors
169(1)
Radiation damage
169(6)
Fluence calculation
175(1)
Offsetting from sun
176(1)
Magnetic moment
177(1)
Advances in PV technology
178(5)
Concentrator array
183(12)
Stretched lens array
186(2)
Light concentrating panel
188(3)
Parabolic concentrator
191(2)
References
193(2)
Battery
195(60)
Introduction
195(1)
Electrochemical cell
195(2)
Types of batteries
197(16)
Nickel cadmium
198(2)
Nickel hydrogen
200(8)
Nickel metal hydride
208(1)
Lithium-ion
209(3)
Lithium polymer
212(1)
Silver zinc
213(1)
Electrical circuit model
213(1)
Properties and performance
214(10)
Charge/discharge
214(3)
Internal impedance
217(1)
Charge efficiency
217(1)
Energy efficiency
218(1)
V--T characteristics
219(1)
Self-discharge
219(2)
Self-heating
221(3)
Cycle life
224(3)
Burst power capability
227(1)
Performance comparison
228(1)
Battery design
228(6)
Launch and ascent power
234(1)
Thermal design
235(3)
Flat pack
237(1)
Vertical stack
238(1)
Wine rack
238(1)
Safety considerations
238(2)
Charge regulation
240(3)
Multiple charge rates
242(1)
Single charge rate
242(1)
Unregulated charging
243(1)
Battery management
243(2)
Dynamic model
245(3)
Cycle life model
248(3)
Primary battery
251(1)
Advances in battery technologies
251(4)
References
253(2)
Power Electronics and Magnetics
255(38)
Introduction
255(1)
Switching devices
255(2)
Shunt regulator
257(6)
Full and partial shunts
258(1)
Linear and PWM shunts
259(2)
Sequential linear shunt
261(1)
Multistage PWM shunt
261(1)
Polyphase PWM shunt
262(1)
Calibrated step shunt
263(1)
Shunt circuit design
263(2)
Full versus partial shunts
263(1)
Number of shunt circuits
264(1)
Typical shunt circuit design
264(1)
Bus ripple filter design
265(1)
Power converters
266(13)
Battery charge (buck) converter
266(4)
Battery discharge (boost) converter
270(1)
Buck--boost converter
271(1)
Flyback converter (buck or boost)
272(1)
Transformer coupled forward converter
273(1)
Push--pull converter
274(1)
Inductor coupled buck converter
274(1)
Resonant converter
274(1)
Multiple output converter
275(1)
Load power converter
276(1)
Voltage and current regulators
277(2)
Magnetics
279(9)
Power losses in core and coil
282(2)
Inductor design
284(2)
Transformer design
286(2)
Manufacturing and testing of magnetics
288(1)
Design for maximum efficiency
288(3)
Trends in power electronics
291(2)
References
291(2)
Distribution Harness and Protection
293(26)
Introduction
293(1)
Ampacity of wires
293(1)
R-C-L parameters
294(3)
Conductor materials
297(2)
Wire insulation and cable shield
299(1)
Connectors
299(2)
Harness mass minimization
301(3)
Example
303(1)
Harness design process
304(2)
Flexible harness
306(1)
Fuse protection
306(11)
Fuse rating
309(2)
Types of fuses
311(1)
Fuse characteristics
312(2)
Fuse derating
314(1)
Fuse selection criteria
315(1)
Redundant and parallel fuses
315(1)
Fuse testing
316(1)
Unfused loads
317(1)
Remote power controllers
317(1)
Early fault detection
318(1)
Ancillary Components
319(28)
Introduction
319(1)
Solar array drive
319(3)
Deployment devices
322(2)
Electro-explosive device
322(1)
Laser-initiated deployment
323(1)
Shape memory metal
324(1)
Deployment controller
324(2)
Thermal controller
326(1)
Thermocouple
326(1)
Metallic resistance wire
326(1)
Thermistor
326(1)
Relays
327(1)
BPM and BCVM
328(2)
Battery let-down unit
330(1)
Current meters
330(2)
Shunt
330(1)
Hall-effect transducer
331(1)
Magnetic amplifier
331(1)
Capacitors
332(1)
Tantalum capacitor
332(1)
Metalized polypropylene capacitor
332(1)
Ceramic capacitor
333(1)
Filters
333(1)
Telemetry and commands
334(2)
Electronic packaging
336(1)
Radiation shield
337(3)
Example of radiation shield design
339(1)
EMI shield
340(7)
Part C: Power System Performance
Energy Balance and Power Management
347(21)
Introduction
347(2)
Energy balance analysis
349(1)
Computer program structure
350(6)
Battery module
350(4)
Solar array module
354(1)
Bus module
355(1)
Input variables
355(1)
Output format
355(1)
Program verification
356(1)
Energy balance simulation runs
356(7)
On-orbit simulation
357(1)
Transfer orbit simulation
358(3)
Transfer orbit load budget
361(1)
Launch and ascent simulation
362(1)
Battery state of health monitoring
363(2)
Battery latch-up in sun-regulated bus
365(3)
References
367(1)
Dynamic Performance and Stability
368(26)
Introduction
368(1)
Bus impedance and system stiffness
368(3)
Voltage regulation and transients
371(3)
High frequency ripples
374(2)
Ripple measurement
376(2)
Quality of power
378(1)
Minor fuse blow cross-talk
378(1)
Example
378(1)
Major fuse blow transient
379(3)
Stability and bus impedance
382(4)
Dynamic stability of control system
386(1)
Dynamic simulation model
386(6)
Solar array model
389(2)
Other component models
391(1)
Simulation runs
392(2)
References
393(1)
Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility
394(27)
Introduction
394(1)
Sources of EMI
394(3)
Conduced EMI
395(1)
Radiated EMI
395(2)
Modes of coupling
397(6)
EMI/EMC specifications
403(4)
EMI suppression methods
407(4)
Twisting wires
408(1)
Grounding
408(1)
Cable shielding
409(1)
Bonding
410(1)
Common mode EMI
411(1)
Broadband EMI
412(1)
Commercial off-the-shelf equipment
413(4)
EMI requirements in commercial equipment
414(1)
NASA versus commercial test methods
415(1)
Testing COTS for space compliance
416(1)
Electromagnetic pulse/nuclear threat
417(4)
Electrostatic Discharge
421(10)
Introduction
421(1)
ESD in GEO
421(1)
ESD in LEO
422(1)
Dielectric breakdown
423(1)
ESD entry points
424(1)
Strike through gaps
425(1)
Puncture of solid insulation
425(1)
Indirect interaction
425(1)
Effect of ESD
425(1)
ESD mitigation
426(1)
ESD control in solar array
427(2)
Part sensitivity
429(1)
Safety during tests
430(1)
Reference
430(1)
Reliability and Derating
431(20)
Introduction
431(2)
Random failures
433(1)
Wear-out failure
434(1)
Fundamental theorems of reliability
434(1)
Series--parallel reliability
435(4)
Examples
436(3)
Redundancies
439(5)
Active n for (n--1) units
440(1)
Active n for m units
441(1)
Dormant n and active m units
441(1)
Shared versus separate battery chargers
442(1)
Diode o-ring for active redundancy
443(1)
Failure rate statistics
444(1)
MIL-HDBK-217
445(1)
Part-count method of reliability estimate
446(1)
Derating for reliability
447(1)
Quick estimate of failure rate
448(1)
Example
448(1)
FMECA
449(1)
Non-redundant components
449(1)
Example of reliability calculation
450(1)
Integration and Testing
451(22)
Introduction
451(1)
Test limits
451(5)
Survival (non-operating mode only)
455(1)
Qualification (operating mode only)
455(1)
Acceptance (operating mode only)
455(1)
Flight design analysis (all modes)
455(1)
Temperature location
455(1)
Test sequence
456(2)
Ambient functional performance test
456(1)
Leak
456(1)
Pressure
457(1)
Random vibration
457(1)
Sine vibration
457(1)
Post-vibration performance
457(1)
Acoustic
457(1)
Thermal vacuum cycles
458(1)
EMI/EMC
458(1)
ESD
458(1)
Life test
458(1)
Solar cell tests
458(1)
Tests on wires
459(1)
Power system tests
459(6)
Solar array
460(2)
Solar array drive
462(1)
Battery assembly
463(1)
Power electronics
464(1)
Bus impedance and stability
464(1)
Spacecraft level tests
465(1)
Initial power turn-on test
465(1)
Electrical power system test
465(1)
Test points
466(1)
Ground test equipment
467(1)
Launch site testing
467(6)
Part D: Special Power Systems
Interplanetary and Deep Space Missions
473(16)
Introduction
473(2)
Temperature in deep space
475(3)
Lunar mission
478(1)
Mercury mission
478(2)
Near-sun mission
480(1)
Mars mission
481(3)
Missions to Jupiter and Saturn
484(2)
Deep space missions
486(3)
References
488(1)
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator
489(16)
Introduction
489(1)
Thermoelectric fundamentals
490(5)
Single-stage unicouple
492(1)
Single-stage multicouple
493(1)
Multistage multicouple
494(1)
RTG assembly
494(1)
Electrical model of RTG
495(1)
Maximum power transfer
496(1)
Effect of temperature and aging
497(3)
Flight history of RTGs
500(1)
Segmented TECs
500(1)
Advanced RTGs
501(2)
Thermoelectric cooler
503(2)
References
504(1)
Dynamic System with Alternator
505(13)
Introduction
505(3)
Thermodynamics
508(2)
Stirling engine
508(2)
Brayton cycle
510(1)
Electromechanical energy conversion
510(2)
Electrical generator technologies
512(6)
Brief description of each machine
512(3)
Parallel operations
515(1)
Overload capability
515(1)
Voltage regulation and field excitation
515(1)
Speed and frequency limitations
516(1)
References
517(1)
High-Power High-Voltage Systems
518(48)
Introduction
518(1)
High-voltage PV array
519(1)
High-power nuclear TEC
520(4)
High-voltage design issues
524(12)
Paschen breakdown voltage
524(1)
Dielectric stress concentration
525(1)
Corona degradation
526(3)
Atomic oxygen
529(1)
Plasma and charged particles
529(5)
Temperature extremes
534(1)
Design guidelines
535(1)
High-voltage direct current
536(1)
Alternating current versus direct current
537(2)
High-frequency alternating current
539(4)
20-kHz cable
541(1)
EMI in 20-kHz alternating current
542(1)
High-power components
543(7)
Rotary power transfer
544(1)
Switching and protection
545(2)
Semiconducting devices
547(1)
Capacitor
548(1)
Power converters
548(1)
Transformer and inductor
549(1)
Very-high-voltage system
550(2)
Repetitive pulse power
552(3)
Multi-megawatt burst-power
555(6)
High-temperature components
561(5)
References
565(1)
Electric Propulsion
566(25)
Introduction
566(2)
Specific impulse
568(2)
Types of electric propulsion
570(6)
Electrothermal hydrazine thruster
570(1)
Hydrazine arcjet
570(1)
Ion thruster
571(3)
Stationary plasma thruster
574(1)
Magneto-hydrodynamic
575(1)
Pulsed plasma thruster
576(1)
Performance comparison
576(2)
Solar PV propulsion
578(2)
Solar thermal propulsion
580(1)
Nuclear power propulsion
581(1)
Microwave beam propulsion
582(1)
Tether power propulsion
583(8)
Space debris cleanup
589(1)
Orbit transfer vehicle
589(1)
Keeping the Space Station afloat
589(1)
Exploring the outer planets
590(1)
References
590(1)
Fuel Cell Power
591(13)
Introduction
591(1)
Electrochemistry of a fuel cell
592(1)
Electrical performance
593(3)
Types of fuel cells
596(2)
Regenerative fuel cells
598(1)
RFCs for space colonies
599(1)
RFCs for satellites
600(2)
Commercial fuel cells
602(2)
References
603(1)
Flywheel Energy Storage
604(36)
Introduction
604(2)
Photovoltaic--flywheel power system
606(1)
Flywheel system components
607(5)
Rotor rim
608(1)
Hub
608(1)
Magnetic bearings
608(2)
Touchdown mechanical bearings
610(1)
Electrical machine
610(1)
Sensors
610(2)
Power and momentum management electronics
612(1)
Energy and stress relations
613(2)
Flywheel application example
615(2)
Integrated energy and momentum storage
617(5)
Energy and momentum relations
619(1)
Energy depletion constraints
620(2)
Energy--momentum wheel example
622(3)
Providing launch and ascent power
623(1)
Replacing batteries and reaction wheels with IEMS
624(1)
Summary of point design example
625(1)
Electrical machine options
625(4)
Synchronous machines
626(1)
Induction machine
627(1)
Direct current machine
628(1)
Motor--generator design issues
629(2)
Constant torque versus constant power design
630(1)
Magnetic bearing design issues
631(2)
Low-speed bearings
632(1)
High-speed bearings
632(1)
Flywheel system controller
633(2)
NASA flywheel program
635(5)
References
638(2)
Superconductors in Space
640(13)
Introduction
640(1)
Magnetic energy storage
640(3)
Critical J, B, and T
643(3)
Magnet coil design
646(1)
System configuration
646(2)
Cryogenic temperature
648(1)
Cryogenic behavior of components
649(4)
Semiconductors
649(1)
Magnetics
650(1)
Capacitors
651(1)
Resistors
651(1)
Structural materials
652(1)
References
652(1)
Microwave Beam Power Satellite
653(10)
Introduction
653(1)
Microwave beam
654(1)
Laser beam
655(1)
Space-to-ground power
655(3)
Solar dynamic power generation
658(2)
Powersat developments
660(3)
References
661(2)
Index 663

An electronic version of this book is available through VitalSource.

This book is viewable on PC, Mac, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch, and most smartphones.

By purchasing, you will be able to view this book online, as well as download it, for the chosen number of days.

Digital License

You are licensing a digital product for a set duration. Durations are set forth in the product description, with "Lifetime" typically meaning five (5) years of online access and permanent download to a supported device. All licenses are non-transferable.

More details can be found here.

A downloadable version of this book is available through the eCampus Reader or compatible Adobe readers.

Applications are available on iOS, Android, PC, Mac, and Windows Mobile platforms.

Please view the compatibility matrix prior to purchase.