| Preface |
|
vii | |
| Acknowledgment |
|
ix | |
| About the Book |
|
x | |
| About the Author |
|
xii | |
| Acronyms and Abbreviations |
|
xiii | |
| Systems of Units and Conversion Factors |
|
xx | |
| Space Flight Constants |
|
xxii | |
|
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|
xxiv | |
|
Part A: Power System Fundamentals |
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3 | (23) |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (2) |
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Communications and data handling |
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4 | (1) |
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Attitude and orbit control system |
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4 | (1) |
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Tracking, telemetry, and command system |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Structure and mechanisms system |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Earth orbit classification |
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6 | (6) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Satellite stabilization methods |
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13 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Launch and transfer orbits |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (5) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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25 | (1) |
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Near-Earth Space Environment |
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26 | (14) |
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26 | (1) |
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Launch and transfer orbit environment |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (4) |
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Lack of gravity and atmosphere |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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Solar wind and solar flare |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (3) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (18) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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Solar concentrator--dynamic power system |
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45 | (3) |
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48 | (1) |
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Nuclear or chemical--dynamic |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (2) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Alkaline metal thermal to electric converter |
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52 | (1) |
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Technology options compared |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (3) |
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56 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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Photovoltaic--Battery System |
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58 | (34) |
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58 | (4) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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Power system architectures |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (4) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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Power distribution circuit |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Power and energy management software |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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Analog--digital hybrid control |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Fully regulated vesus sun-regulated bus |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (5) |
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78 | (1) |
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The International Space Station 160- to 120-V bus |
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79 | (4) |
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Large communications satellite buses |
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83 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (3) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (13) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
|
Electrostatic discharge in the solar array |
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|
93 | (2) |
|
Damage to the power electronics |
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|
95 | (3) |
|
Effects on other components |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
Mass erosion under atomic oxygen |
|
|
99 | (3) |
|
Micrometeoroid and debris impacts |
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|
102 | (1) |
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102 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
|
Power System Requirements |
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105 | (6) |
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105 | (1) |
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Self-derived requirements |
|
|
106 | (1) |
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107 | (4) |
|
Design Process and Trades |
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111 | (24) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
|
Power system level trades |
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113 | (6) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (2) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
|
Power system functions over life |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
Part B: PV--Battery Power System |
|
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135 | (60) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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137 | (4) |
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|
138 | (2) |
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|
140 | (1) |
|
Semicrystalline and polycrystalline |
|
|
140 | (1) |
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|
140 | (1) |
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|
140 | (1) |
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|
141 | (1) |
|
Equivalent electrical circuit |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
I-V and P-V characteristics |
|
|
143 | (4) |
|
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|
147 | (1) |
|
Back-surface illumination |
|
|
147 | (1) |
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|
148 | (6) |
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|
148 | (2) |
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|
150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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|
151 | (2) |
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|
153 | (1) |
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|
154 | (12) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (3) |
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|
158 | (3) |
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161 | (1) |
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|
162 | (3) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (12) |
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169 | (1) |
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|
169 | (6) |
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|
175 | (1) |
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|
176 | (1) |
|
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|
177 | (1) |
|
Advances in PV technology |
|
|
178 | (5) |
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183 | (12) |
|
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|
186 | (2) |
|
Light concentrating panel |
|
|
188 | (3) |
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191 | (2) |
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|
193 | (2) |
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|
195 | (60) |
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195 | (1) |
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|
195 | (2) |
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197 | (16) |
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198 | (2) |
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|
200 | (8) |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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|
213 | (1) |
|
Properties and performance |
|
|
214 | (10) |
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|
214 | (3) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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221 | (3) |
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224 | (3) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (6) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (3) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (3) |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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245 | (3) |
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248 | (3) |
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|
251 | (1) |
|
Advances in battery technologies |
|
|
251 | (4) |
|
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|
253 | (2) |
|
Power Electronics and Magnetics |
|
|
255 | (38) |
|
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|
255 | (1) |
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|
255 | (2) |
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257 | (6) |
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258 | (1) |
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|
259 | (2) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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|
263 | (1) |
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|
263 | (2) |
|
Full versus partial shunts |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
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|
264 | (1) |
|
Typical shunt circuit design |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
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|
266 | (13) |
|
Battery charge (buck) converter |
|
|
266 | (4) |
|
Battery discharge (boost) converter |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Flyback converter (buck or boost) |
|
|
272 | (1) |
|
Transformer coupled forward converter |
|
|
273 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Inductor coupled buck converter |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
Multiple output converter |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
|
|
276 | (1) |
|
Voltage and current regulators |
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
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|
279 | (9) |
|
Power losses in core and coil |
|
|
282 | (2) |
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284 | (2) |
|
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|
286 | (2) |
|
Manufacturing and testing of magnetics |
|
|
288 | (1) |
|
Design for maximum efficiency |
|
|
288 | (3) |
|
Trends in power electronics |
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
|
|
291 | (2) |
|
Distribution Harness and Protection |
|
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293 | (26) |
|
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293 | (1) |
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|
293 | (1) |
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|
294 | (3) |
|
|
|
297 | (2) |
|
Wire insulation and cable shield |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
Harness mass minimization |
|
|
301 | (3) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (2) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (11) |
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309 | (2) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (2) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
|
Redundant and parallel fuses |
|
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (28) |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (3) |
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322 | (2) |
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|
322 | (1) |
|
Laser-initiated deployment |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
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324 | (1) |
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|
324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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|
332 | (1) |
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|
332 | (1) |
|
Metalized polypropylene capacitor |
|
|
332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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|
333 | (1) |
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|
334 | (2) |
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|
336 | (1) |
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|
337 | (3) |
|
Example of radiation shield design |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
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|
340 | (7) |
|
Part C: Power System Performance |
|
|
|
Energy Balance and Power Management |
|
|
347 | (21) |
|
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Computer program structure |
|
|
350 | (6) |
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|
350 | (4) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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|
355 | (1) |
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|
355 | (1) |
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|
356 | (1) |
|
Energy balance simulation runs |
|
|
356 | (7) |
|
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|
357 | (1) |
|
Transfer orbit simulation |
|
|
358 | (3) |
|
Transfer orbit load budget |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Launch and ascent simulation |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Battery state of health monitoring |
|
|
363 | (2) |
|
Battery latch-up in sun-regulated bus |
|
|
365 | (3) |
|
|
|
367 | (1) |
|
Dynamic Performance and Stability |
|
|
368 | (26) |
|
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Bus impedance and system stiffness |
|
|
368 | (3) |
|
Voltage regulation and transients |
|
|
371 | (3) |
|
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|
374 | (2) |
|
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|
376 | (2) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Minor fuse blow cross-talk |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Major fuse blow transient |
|
|
379 | (3) |
|
Stability and bus impedance |
|
|
382 | (4) |
|
Dynamic stability of control system |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
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|
386 | (6) |
|
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|
389 | (2) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Electromagnetic Interference and Compatibility |
|
|
394 | (27) |
|
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
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|
394 | (3) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
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|
395 | (2) |
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|
397 | (6) |
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|
403 | (4) |
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|
407 | (4) |
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|
408 | (1) |
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|
408 | (1) |
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|
409 | (1) |
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|
410 | (1) |
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|
411 | (1) |
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|
412 | (1) |
|
Commercial off-the-shelf equipment |
|
|
413 | (4) |
|
EMI requirements in commercial equipment |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
NASA versus commercial test methods |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Testing COTS for space compliance |
|
|
416 | (1) |
|
Electromagnetic pulse/nuclear threat |
|
|
417 | (4) |
|
|
|
421 | (10) |
|
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|
421 | (1) |
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|
421 | (1) |
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|
422 | (1) |
|
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|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
Puncture of solid insulation |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
ESD control in solar array |
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
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|
431 | (20) |
|
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Fundamental theorems of reliability |
|
|
434 | (1) |
|
Series--parallel reliability |
|
|
435 | (4) |
|
|
|
436 | (3) |
|
|
|
439 | (5) |
|
Active n for (n--1) units |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Dormant n and active m units |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Shared versus separate battery chargers |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Diode o-ring for active redundancy |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Part-count method of reliability estimate |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Quick estimate of failure rate |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
Example of reliability calculation |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (22) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (5) |
|
Survival (non-operating mode only) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Qualification (operating mode only) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Acceptance (operating mode only) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
Flight design analysis (all modes) |
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
455 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (2) |
|
Ambient functional performance test |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Post-vibration performance |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (6) |
|
|
|
460 | (2) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
Bus impedance and stability |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Initial power turn-on test |
|
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465 | (1) |
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Electrical power system test |
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465 | (1) |
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466 | (1) |
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467 | (1) |
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467 | (6) |
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Part D: Special Power Systems |
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Interplanetary and Deep Space Missions |
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473 | (16) |
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473 | (2) |
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Temperature in deep space |
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475 | (3) |
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478 | (1) |
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478 | (2) |
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480 | (1) |
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481 | (3) |
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Missions to Jupiter and Saturn |
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484 | (2) |
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486 | (3) |
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488 | (1) |
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Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator |
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489 | (16) |
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|
489 | (1) |
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Thermoelectric fundamentals |
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490 | (5) |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (1) |
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Effect of temperature and aging |
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497 | (3) |
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500 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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501 | (2) |
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503 | (2) |
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504 | (1) |
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Dynamic System with Alternator |
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505 | (13) |
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505 | (3) |
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508 | (2) |
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508 | (2) |
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|
510 | (1) |
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Electromechanical energy conversion |
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|
510 | (2) |
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Electrical generator technologies |
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|
512 | (6) |
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Brief description of each machine |
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|
512 | (3) |
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515 | (1) |
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|
515 | (1) |
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Voltage regulation and field excitation |
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|
515 | (1) |
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Speed and frequency limitations |
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516 | (1) |
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|
517 | (1) |
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High-Power High-Voltage Systems |
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|
518 | (48) |
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|
518 | (1) |
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|
519 | (1) |
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|
520 | (4) |
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High-voltage design issues |
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|
524 | (12) |
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Paschen breakdown voltage |
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|
524 | (1) |
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Dielectric stress concentration |
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|
525 | (1) |
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526 | (3) |
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|
529 | (1) |
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Plasma and charged particles |
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|
529 | (5) |
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534 | (1) |
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|
535 | (1) |
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High-voltage direct current |
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|
536 | (1) |
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Alternating current versus direct current |
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|
537 | (2) |
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High-frequency alternating current |
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|
539 | (4) |
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|
541 | (1) |
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EMI in 20-kHz alternating current |
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|
542 | (1) |
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543 | (7) |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (2) |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (1) |
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|
548 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (2) |
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|
552 | (3) |
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Multi-megawatt burst-power |
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|
555 | (6) |
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High-temperature components |
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|
561 | (5) |
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|
565 | (1) |
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|
566 | (25) |
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566 | (2) |
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|
568 | (2) |
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Types of electric propulsion |
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|
570 | (6) |
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Electrothermal hydrazine thruster |
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|
570 | (1) |
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|
570 | (1) |
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|
571 | (3) |
|
Stationary plasma thruster |
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|
574 | (1) |
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|
575 | (1) |
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|
576 | (1) |
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|
576 | (2) |
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|
578 | (2) |
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|
580 | (1) |
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|
581 | (1) |
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Microwave beam propulsion |
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|
582 | (1) |
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|
583 | (8) |
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|
589 | (1) |
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|
589 | (1) |
|
Keeping the Space Station afloat |
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|
589 | (1) |
|
Exploring the outer planets |
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|
590 | (1) |
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|
590 | (1) |
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|
591 | (13) |
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|
591 | (1) |
|
Electrochemistry of a fuel cell |
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|
592 | (1) |
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|
593 | (3) |
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596 | (2) |
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|
598 | (1) |
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|
599 | (1) |
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|
600 | (2) |
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|
602 | (2) |
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|
603 | (1) |
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|
604 | (36) |
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|
604 | (2) |
|
Photovoltaic--flywheel power system |
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|
606 | (1) |
|
Flywheel system components |
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|
607 | (5) |
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|
608 | (1) |
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|
608 | (1) |
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|
|
608 | (2) |
|
Touchdown mechanical bearings |
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|
610 | (1) |
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|
|
610 | (1) |
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|
|
610 | (2) |
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Power and momentum management electronics |
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
Energy and stress relations |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
Flywheel application example |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
Integrated energy and momentum storage |
|
|
617 | (5) |
|
Energy and momentum relations |
|
|
619 | (1) |
|
Energy depletion constraints |
|
|
620 | (2) |
|
Energy--momentum wheel example |
|
|
622 | (3) |
|
Providing launch and ascent power |
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
Replacing batteries and reaction wheels with IEMS |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Summary of point design example |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Electrical machine options |
|
|
625 | (4) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Motor--generator design issues |
|
|
629 | (2) |
|
Constant torque versus constant power design |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Magnetic bearing design issues |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
Flywheel system controller |
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
|
|
635 | (5) |
|
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
|
|
640 | (13) |
|
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
|
|
640 | (3) |
|
|
|
643 | (3) |
|
|
|
646 | (1) |
|
|
|
646 | (2) |
|
|
|
648 | (1) |
|
Cryogenic behavior of components |
|
|
649 | (4) |
|
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
Microwave Beam Power Satellite |
|
|
653 | (10) |
|
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
|
|
655 | (3) |
|
Solar dynamic power generation |
|
|
658 | (2) |
|
|
|
660 | (3) |
|
|
|
661 | (2) |
| Index |
|
663 | |